User:Flynnjed/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

'Reliance of the Traveller' by by Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (1302–1367) is the Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law according to Shafi'i School. {{Quote|''Reliance of the Traveler'' [''Umdat al-Salik''], Section e4.3 on Circumcision|'''Obligatory (on every male and female) is circumcision.''' (And it is the cutting-off of the skin [''qat' al-jaldah''] on the glans of the male member and, '''as for the circumcision of the female, that is the cutting-off of the clitoris')}}'''Nuh Ha Mim Keller's 1991 translation of Reliance of the Traveller is bowdlerised to make its content more acceptable to Western eyes and translates the word 'bazr' ( بَظْرٌ ) as 'clitorial prepuce' instead of simply 'clitoris' (see section [[#Defining Bazr|Defining Bazr)]]<br />'''

The Hanbali school is named after the Iraqi scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 855). Ahmad ibn Hanbal studied under Al-Shafi‘i (founder of the Shafi’i school) and inherited his deep concerns about the jurists of his time, who were ready to reinterpret the doctrines of the Koran and Hadiths to pander to public opinion and the demands of the rich and powerful. Ibn Hanbal advocated a return to the literal interpretation of Koran and Hadiths. This has made the Hanbali school intensely traditionalist. Today’s ultra-conservative Wahhabi–Salafist movement is an offshoot of this school.

Where the Koran and Hadith do not provide guidance, Hanbal recommended guidance from ''Ijma'', then ''Ijtihad'', then weaker (''daif'') Hadiths, and finally ''Qiyas'' (analogy). The Hanbali school, unlike the Hanafi and Maliki schools, reject ''Istihsan'' (jurist discretion) and ''Urf'' (the customs of Moslems) as a sound basis to derive Islamic law.

 

''“The Hambali school of thought has two opinions: one is mustah’ab (favourable but not wajib) and the other is wajib (obligatory) with many other opinions of jurists differing from each other.”'' Manzoor Hussain &c

 

''“circumcision is obligatory for men and merely an honorable thing for women. It is not obligatory for them.”'' Sheikh (Dr.) `Abd al-Rahmân &c

 

“''makrama for women (“noble”, as opposed to obligatory)”'' Wikipedia: Religious views on FGM

 

 

''“The Hanbali school considers female circumcision to be makrumah (honorable) and strongly encouraged, to obligatory.”'' Religious views on female genital mutilation

 

''“Hanbali have two opinions: -it is wajib (obligatory) for both males and females – it is wajib (obligatory) for males and makrumah (honourable) for females.”'' Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam

 

''“the Hanbalis according to the well-known view of their madhhab, and others are of the view that circumcising women is obligatory.”'' Is there any saheeh hadeeth about the circumcision of females?

“Shiite religious texts, such as the hadith transmitted by Al-Sadiq, state that “circumcision is makrama (“noble”) for women” Wikipedia: Religious views on FGM

 

It is not as easy to make out a clear picture of attitudes towards FGM for Shia Islam as it is for Sunni Islam. It is known that FGM is practised by Zaydis in Yemen, Ibadis in Oman and at least by parts of the Ismailis (the Dawoodi Bohras) in India, all three being branches of the Shia (the Ibadis are less directly connected). A survey by WADI found that in the region of Kirkuk in Iraq 23% of Shia girls and women had undergone FGM.

 

“According to the Jafari’ee jurisprudence, circumcision is necessary for men as it is the Sunnah of Prophet Ibrahim (A.S), but not for women.” Manzoor Hussain &c

 

 

“Ayatullah ali al hussaini ali Sistani form Iraq said in his fatwa in 2010 that FGM is not haram (prohibited). Later in 2014 he revised his fatwa and said that FGM is harmful for the female victims and it isn’t permissible or part of any Islamic injunction.” Manzoor Hussain &c

====ISMAILI –====

FGM appears to be endemic to the Dawoodi Bohras – an Ismaili sect found in India, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Yemen and East Africa. Their current spiritual leader has recommended FGM as being necessary for purity and to avoid sin.

In 2017 two doctors and a third woman connected to the Dawoodi Bohra in Detroit, Michigan, were arrested on charges of conducting FGM on two seven-year-old girls in the United States. Their Attorney confirmed that FGM was, for her clients, a religious practice:

“They have a [right] to practice their religion. And they are Muslims and they’re being under attack for it. I believe that they are being persecuted because of their religious beliefs.” Prosecutor: ‘Brutal’ genital mutilation won’t be tolerated in US

Nuh Ha Mim Keller gives no justification for translating Bazr (بظر) as ‘prepuce of the clitoris’ rather than just ‘clitoris’. And all Arabic dictionaries givethe word 'Clitoris' for Bazr ( بظر). None lists ''‘prepuce of the clitoris’'' even as a secondary definition. A systematic consultation of online Arabic dictionaries gives the same result, as does [https://translate.google.com/?sl=ar&tl=en&text=%20%D8%A8%D8%B8%D8%B1&op=translate Google Translate].  

#Arabic speakers, writers and translators, over the past 1400 years, have been getting the definition of Bazr wrong,

To translate 'bazr' as '''prepuce'' of the clitoris' is to treat an extreme improbability as if it were a certainty merely because it fits with the translators axiomatic belief in Islam's perfection.