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==In Islamic law== | ==In Islamic law== | ||
[[File:Madhhabplusfgm.jpeg|alt=Maps showing distribution of madhaps and prevalence of FGM|thumb|Maps showing distribution of madhaps and prevalence of FGM]] | [[File:Madhhabplusfgm.jpeg|alt=Maps showing distribution of madhaps and prevalence of FGM|thumb|Maps showing distribution of madhaps and prevalence of FGM]] | ||
A '''Madh'hab''' (مذهب) is a school of [[Islamic law]] or [[fiqh]] (Islamic jurisprudence). Within [[Sunni]] Islam there are four mainstream schools of thought, which are accepted by one another, and the [[Shiite|Shi'ite]] school of fiqh. The five major schools of Islamic law agree on many things. The various schools of Islamic law all developed as theologians and jurists debated among themselves more than a hundred years after [[Muhammad's Death|Muhammad's death]] on how to identify and interpret what Muhammad had left behind by way of oral traditions. Adherence to a school of Islamic law appears to be more a matter of geography than conscience. | |||
Differences in interpretative hermeneutics (the theory | All schools of Islam favour FGM, but with differing levels of enthusiasm. No school of Islam can prohibit FGM since nothing that Muhammad allowed can be prohibited. Contemporary scholars, however, are adept at phrasing fatwas in such a way as to appear to criticise or condemn FGM whilst at the same time not forbidding it. | ||
Differences in interpretative hermeneutics (the theory of interpretation of texts, especially religious and philosophical texts) result in certain Hadith having more weight and influence with some schools than in others. Sunan Abu Dawud 41:5251 is an example of this: | |||
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|41|5251}}|Narrated Umm Atiyyah al-Ansariyyah: A woman used to perform circumcision in Medina. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said to her: '''Do not cut ''severely''''' as that is better for a woman and more desirable for a husband.}} | {{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|41|5251}}|Narrated Umm Atiyyah al-Ansariyyah: A woman used to perform circumcision in Medina. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said to her: '''Do not cut ''severely''''' as that is better for a woman and more desirable for a husband.}} | ||
Shafi’i and Hanbali scholars have evaluated this hadith as being ''sahih.'' Consequently, these schools consider FGM as being either obligatory or highly recommended, and FGM is very common or nearly universal amongst their followers. Maliki and Hanafi scholars have evaluated this Hadith as being ''mursal'' (good but missing an early link in its isnad) – possibly explaining the lower rates of FGM amongst followers of these schools | Shafi’i and Hanbali scholars have evaluated this hadith as being ''sahih.'' Consequently, these schools consider FGM as being either obligatory or highly recommended, and FGM is very common or nearly universal amongst their followers. Maliki and Hanafi scholars have evaluated this Hadith as being ''mursal'' (good but missing an early link in its isnad) – possibly explaining the lower rates of FGM amongst followers of these schools. | ||
the l of Views on the specific type of FGM required or permitted vary within and between the madhhabs. Some prominent modern Islamic scholars have dissented from the otherwise favorable consensus of the Islamic tradition and ruled it to be unlawful. | the l of Views on the specific type of FGM required or permitted vary within and between the madhhabs. Some prominent modern Islamic scholars have dissented from the otherwise favorable consensus of the Islamic tradition and ruled it to be unlawful. | ||
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===not all moslems practice FGM=== | ===not all moslems practice FGM=== | ||
=== 'sunnah circumcision' === | ==='sunnah circumcision'=== | ||
=== equivocation === | ===equivocation=== | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||