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==FGM in the Hadith== | ==FGM in the Hadith== | ||
There are four hadith in which Muhammad touches on FGM. | |||
====The fitrah is five things, including circumcision==== | ====The fitrah is five things, including circumcision==== | ||
| Line 42: | Line 41: | ||
===Other Evidence in the Hadith=== | ===Other Evidence in the Hadith=== | ||
The following three hadith touch on FGM. Because they do not involve Muhammad they have less doctrinal authority than the hadith in the previous section. | The following three hadith touch on FGM. Because they do not involve Muhammad they have less doctrinal authority than the hadith in the previous section. | ||
====One Who Circumcises Other Ladies==== | ====One Who Circumcises Other Ladies==== | ||
{{Quote|Bukhari 64:17|“[…] I went out with the people for the battle. When the army aligned for the fight, Siba’ came out and said, ‘Is there any (Muslim) to accept my challenge to a duel?’ Hamza bin `Abdul Muttalib came out and said, ‘O Siba’. O Ibn Um Anmar, '''the one who circumcises other ladies!''' Do you challenge Allah and His Apostle?’ […]”}} | {{Quote|Bukhari 64:17|“[…] I went out with the people for the battle. When the army aligned for the fight, Siba’ came out and said, ‘Is there any (Muslim) to accept my challenge to a duel?’ Hamza bin `Abdul Muttalib came out and said, ‘O Siba’. O Ibn Um Anmar, '''the one who circumcises other ladies!''' Do you challenge Allah and His Apostle?’ […]”}} | ||
====In Bukhari's al-Adab al-Mufrad==== | ====In Bukhari's al-Adab al-Mufrad==== | ||
The following two hadiths come from Al-Adab Al-Mufrad. This is a collection of hadith about the manners of Muhammad and his companions, compiled by the Islamic scholar al-Bukhari. It contains 1,322 hadiths, most of which focus on Muhammad's companions rather than Muhammad himself. Al-Bukhari's evaluation of the hadiths within ''al-Adab al-Mufrad'' was not as rigorous as for his best-known collection - ''[[Sahih Bukhari]]''. However, scholars have ruled most of the hadith in the collection as being ''sahih'' (authentic) or ''hasan'' (sound). | The following two hadiths come from Al-Adab Al-Mufrad. This is a collection of hadith about the manners of Muhammad and his companions, compiled by the Islamic scholar al-Bukhari. It contains 1,322 hadiths, most of which focus on Muhammad's companions rather than Muhammad himself. Al-Bukhari's evaluation of the hadiths within ''al-Adab al-Mufrad'' was not as rigorous as for his best-known collection - ''[[Sahih Bukhari]]''. However, scholars have ruled most of the hadith in the collection as being ''sahih'' (authentic) or ''hasan'' (sound). | ||
=====Someone to Amuse Them===== | =====Someone to Amuse Them===== | ||
{{Quote|Al-Adab Al-Mufrad 53:1247|“Umm ‘Alqama related that when '''the daughters of ‘A’isha’s brother were circumcised''', ‘A’isha was asked, “Shall we call someone to amuse them?” “Yes,” she replied. ‘Adi was sent for and he came to them. ‘A’isha passed by the room and saw him singing and shaking his head in rapture – and he had a large head of hair. ‘Uff!’ she exclaimed, ‘A shaytan! Get him out! Get him out!'””}} | {{Quote|Al-Adab Al-Mufrad 53:1247|“Umm ‘Alqama related that when '''the daughters of ‘A’isha’s brother were circumcised''', ‘A’isha was asked, “Shall we call someone to amuse them?” “Yes,” she replied. ‘Adi was sent for and he came to them. ‘A’isha passed by the room and saw him singing and shaking his head in rapture – and he had a large head of hair. ‘Uff!’ she exclaimed, ‘A shaytan! Get him out! Get him out!'””}} | ||
=====Go and Circumcise Them and Purify Them===== | =====Go and Circumcise Them and Purify Them===== | ||
{{Quote|Al-Adab Al-Mufrad 53:1245|An old woman from Kufa, the grandmother of 'Ali ibn Ghurab, reported that Umm al-Muhajir said, "I was captured with some girls from Byzantium. 'Uthman offered us Islam, but only myself and one other girl accepted Islam. 'Uthman said, ''''Go and circumcise them and purify them'''.'"}} | {{Quote|Al-Adab Al-Mufrad 53:1245|An old woman from Kufa, the grandmother of 'Ali ibn Ghurab, reported that Umm al-Muhajir said, "I was captured with some girls from Byzantium. 'Uthman offered us Islam, but only myself and one other girl accepted Islam. 'Uthman said, ''''Go and circumcise them and purify them'''.'"}} | ||
==Qur'an== | ==Qur'an== | ||
There is no explicit reference to Female Genital Mutilation in the Qur'an. | There is no explicit reference to Female Genital Mutilation in the Qur'an. | ||
However, the following Quranic verse requires Muslims to ''<nowiki/>'adhere to the fitrah'''. This is the word's only appearance in the Qur'an, and it is left unexplained. | However, the following Quranic verse requires Muslims to ''<nowiki/>'adhere to the fitrah'''. This is the word's only appearance in the Qur'an, and it is left unexplained. | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|30|30}}|So direct your face toward the religion, inclining to truth. '''[Adhere to] the fitrah''' (فطرة or فطرت) of Allah upon which He has created (فطر) [all] people. No change should there be in the creation of Allah . That is the correct religion, but most of the people do not know.}}To know what ''fitrah'' means, traditional scholars turn to the hadith. Several hadith use the word ''fitrah''. The hadith which gives the clearest explanation is the one mentioned above ('The fitrah is five things, including circumcision'), which uses the Arabic word ''khitan'' for 'circumcision'. That ''khitan'' originally referred to Female Genital Mutilation as well as (male) circumcision is shown by the usage of the word in the other hadith mentioned in the above sections. | {{Quote|{{Quran|30|30}}|So direct your face toward the religion, inclining to truth. '''[Adhere to] the fitrah''' (فطرة or فطرت) of Allah upon which He has created (فطر) [all] people. No change should there be in the creation of Allah . That is the correct religion, but most of the people do not know.}}To know what ''fitrah'' means, traditional scholars turn to the hadith. Several hadith use the word ''fitrah''. The hadith which gives the clearest explanation is the one mentioned above ('The fitrah is five things, including circumcision'), which uses the Arabic word ''khitan'' for 'circumcision'. That ''khitan'' originally referred to Female Genital Mutilation as well as (male) circumcision is shown by the usage of the word in the other hadith mentioned in the above sections all but two hadith ('Go and Circumcise Them and Purify Them' and 'One Who Circumcises Other Ladies') use the word ''khitan'' for FGM. And two of these hadith ('Someone to Amuse Them" and 'Do not cut severely') use the word khitan in contexts where the procedure is unquestionably being performed on females, and only on females. | ||
Thus, according to traditional interpretive methodology, in requiring one to ''<nowiki/>'adhere to the fitrah''' the Qur'an indirectly advocates FGM. | Thus, according to traditional interpretive methodology, in requiring one to ''<nowiki/>'adhere to the fitrah''' the Qur'an indirectly advocates FGM. | ||