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= Female Genital Mutilation in Islamic Law =  

'''Female Genital Mutilation''' (Arabic: ختان المرأة)  is the practice of cutting away and altering the external female genitalia for ritual or religious reasons. It is generally referred to as or 'Female Circumcision' by those who practice it and by those who defend the practice. It generally consists one or both of the following procedures: '''Clitoridectomy''' (the amputation of part or all of the clitoris, or the removal of the clitoral prepuce) and '''Excision''' (the cutting away of either or both the inner or outer labia). A third procedure, '''Infibulation''', involves the paring back of the outer labia, whose cut edges are stitched together to form, once healed, a seal that covers both the openings of the vagina and the urethra. infibulation usually also involves clitoridectomy. Those who engage in FGM consider its primary purpose to be the safeguarding of the purity, virtue and reputation of girls and women.

FGM is a practice associated with Islam: about 80% of FGM is attributable to Muslims.<ref>https://fgmtruth.wordpress.com/what-percentage-of-global-fgm-are-moslems-responsible-for/</ref> Most of the remaining 20% is attributable to non-Muslims living in FGM-practicing Islamic societies (e.g. the Egyptian Copts<ref>https://copticliterature.wordpress.com/2014/03/12/prevalence-of-and-support-for-female-genital-mutilation-within-the-copts-of-egypt-unicef-report-2013/</ref>), or non-Isamic societies that have been hubs of the Islamic slave trade (e.g. Ethiopia and Eritrea).   

 

 

There exist numerous fatwas supporting and commanding the practice within the Islamic community. However, over the past half century there has been a growing unease in the Islamic world concerning the practice. The earliest fatwa that is clearly critical of FGM appears to have been issued in 1984.<ref>p54 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=qof6J4n1860C&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=Sheikh+Abu-Sabib+1984&source=bl&ots=-apLOOha6B&sig=dpINFFLI-N9KO8_FmEET-MDFKbI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiXh5Gi5OfcAhVOyoUKHeSgDWUQ6AEwC3oECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Sheikh%20Abu-Sabib%201984&f=false "Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy" By International Symposium On Sexual Mutiliations 199, International Symposium on Sexual Mutiliations 1996]</ref>