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Portal: Muhammad: Difference between revisions
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==Personal life== | ==Personal life== | ||
Family played a central role the tribal culture that dominated the environment in which Muhammad grew up and passed away. The diverse experiences Muhammad encountered with his wives and extended family shaped at times indirectly and at times directly the religious message he would be reported as having left behind. | |||
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{{PortalArticle|image=Maome.jpeg|description=Muhammad (Arabic: مُحمّد; pronounced [muħammad]; c. 570 – c. 8 June 632) was the founder of Islam. According to Islamic scripture, he was a prophet and God's messenger, sent to present and confirm the monotheistic teachings preached previous Abrahamic religions. He is viewed as the final prophet of God in the main branches of Islam.|title=Muhammad ibn Abdullah|summary=}}{{PortalArticle|title=Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib|summary=|image=Abdullahbaalmuttalib.png|description=Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib was the father of Muhammad who passed away during a trading trip he embarked on while Aminah, his wife, was still pregnant with Muhammad. According to hadiths in Sahih Muslim that some Islamic theologians have had trouble grappling with, both of Muhammad's parents are in hell.}} | {{PortalArticle|image=Maome.jpeg|description=Muhammad (Arabic: مُحمّد; pronounced [muħammad]; c. 570 – c. 8 June 632) was the founder of Islam. According to Islamic scripture, he was a prophet and God's messenger, sent to present and confirm the monotheistic teachings preached previous Abrahamic religions. He is viewed as the final prophet of God in the main branches of Islam.|title=Muhammad ibn Abdullah|summary=}}{{PortalArticle|title=Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib|summary=|image=Abdullahbaalmuttalib.png|description=Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib was the father of Muhammad who passed away during a trading trip he embarked on while Aminah, his wife, was still pregnant with Muhammad. According to hadiths in Sahih Muslim that some Islamic theologians have had trouble grappling with, both of Muhammad's parents are in hell.}} | ||
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==Military life== | ==Military life== | ||
In what was reported to have been the twenty years following his proclamation of prophethood at the age of forty, Muhammad conquered the Arabian peninsula (most of the actual conquering was achieved in the latter part of these 20 years). In achieving this, Muhammad conducted and oversaw a large number of military campaigns, raids, and assassinations. | |||
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{{PortalArticle|image=Badr.png|summary=|title=Battle of Badr|description=The battle of Badr was the first great battle in the military career of the prophet Muhammad according to the sira. Again according to the sira in took place in the month of Ramadan in the second year of the hijra (circa 624 AD). It was a watershed moment in the prophetic career, where some of the prophet's greatest enemies from Mecca were killed or humiliated. It was also interpreted as a sign of divine favor by the Muslim community in Mecca, with angels including Jibra'il reportedly taking part.}}{{PortalArticle|image=Uhud.png|title=Battle of Uhud|summary=|description=The battle of Uhud was the second great battle in the military career of the prophet Muhammad according to the sira of the prophet. Unlike its predecessor, the Battle of Badr, it resulted in a decisive defeat for Muhammad and his ummah at the hands of the pagan Meccans. Like the battle of Badr, it was the circumstance for the revelation of many verses from the Hadith. Unlike the battle of Badr, it was a defensive battle, with the pagan Quraysh of Mecca coming to Medina to stomp out his movement for once and for all.}} | {{PortalArticle|image=Badr.png|summary=|title=Battle of Badr|description=The battle of Badr was the first great battle in the military career of the prophet Muhammad according to the sira. Again according to the sira in took place in the month of Ramadan in the second year of the hijra (circa 624 AD). It was a watershed moment in the prophetic career, where some of the prophet's greatest enemies from Mecca were killed or humiliated. It was also interpreted as a sign of divine favor by the Muslim community in Mecca, with angels including Jibra'il reportedly taking part.}}{{PortalArticle|image=Uhud.png|title=Battle of Uhud|summary=|description=The battle of Uhud was the second great battle in the military career of the prophet Muhammad according to the sira of the prophet. Unlike its predecessor, the Battle of Badr, it resulted in a decisive defeat for Muhammad and his ummah at the hands of the pagan Meccans. Like the battle of Badr, it was the circumstance for the revelation of many verses from the Hadith. Unlike the battle of Badr, it was a defensive battle, with the pagan Quraysh of Mecca coming to Medina to stomp out his movement for once and for all.}} | ||
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==Religious life== | ==Religious life== | ||
The reports regarding Muhammad specific teachings a prophet are tend toward the more contentious end of the spectrum of scripture, as far more parties were interested in placing their doctrines, rulings, and even political ambitions in the mouth of the prophet than parties interested in altering the details of his family or military life. | |||
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{{PortalArticle|image=Dhalikaljaysh.jpg|title=Prophecies in the Hadith|description=Muhammad's prophecies are predictions attributed to him and generally written 150-200 years after his death. Many prophecies are considered "signs of the Hour" (Islamic eschatology). Some prophecies are general statements that may apply to times even before Islam, other prophecies predict early Islamic history (which happened before the predictions were written) and some prophecies make predictions about the the future to come after the hadiths were written.|summary=}}{{PortalArticle|title=The Farewell Sermon|summary=|image=Arafah.jpg|description=The Farewell Sermon (خطبة الوداع, Khuṭbatu l-Wadā') is purported to be the Prophet Muhammad's final sermon to his followers before his death in 632 CE. However like most elements of the Islamic tradition our sources for this are extremely late, in this case At-Tabari writing in the late 800's CE about an event which is purported to have taken place in 632 CE. The mention of "the Sunnah of the prophet" is clearly apycrophal, as Patricia Crone has shown in pathbreaking ''God's Caliph''.}} | {{PortalArticle|image=Dhalikaljaysh.jpg|title=Prophecies in the Hadith|description=Muhammad's prophecies are predictions attributed to him and generally written 150-200 years after his death. Many prophecies are considered "signs of the Hour" (Islamic eschatology). Some prophecies are general statements that may apply to times even before Islam, other prophecies predict early Islamic history (which happened before the predictions were written) and some prophecies make predictions about the the future to come after the hadiths were written.|summary=}}{{PortalArticle|title=The Farewell Sermon|summary=|image=Arafah.jpg|description=The Farewell Sermon (خطبة الوداع, Khuṭbatu l-Wadā') is purported to be the Prophet Muhammad's final sermon to his followers before his death in 632 CE. However like most elements of the Islamic tradition our sources for this are extremely late, in this case At-Tabari writing in the late 800's CE about an event which is purported to have taken place in 632 CE. The mention of "the Sunnah of the prophet" is clearly apycrophal, as Patricia Crone has shown in pathbreaking ''God's Caliph''.}} | ||
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==In doctrine== | ==In doctrine== | ||
Islamic doctrine holds as an article of faith that Muhammad, like all prophets, was a man. In his capacity as a man, however, Muhammad is held as having the priveleged to be God's final and sole spokesperson on Earth. As the ''Uswa Hasana'' ("excellent model") and ''al-Insan al-Kamil'' ("the perfect human"), everything Muhammad did was later held to be instructive for all of mankind for all time. Muhammad's family and descendants were also perpetually given priveleged social and spiritual status, especially in the Shi'ite tradition. While historians are generally skeptical of the specific contents of the hadiths, or "narrations" attributed to Muhammad, Islamic doctrine holds that since Muhammad was the final messenger, God must have preserved all facts about his life which would be necessary for our instruction. Thus, the hadith literature must be sufficient and, from an orthodox standpoint, harboring any real or comprehensive skepticism toward this body of literature is not acceptable. | |||
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{{PortalArticle|image=Muhammadgabriel.jpg|title=Uswa Hasana|description=In the mainstream theology of Sunni Islam, the Prophet Muhammad is known as ''al-Insān al-Kāmil'' (lit. "the perfect human") and ''uswa hasana'' (lit. "an excellent model"). This is taken to mean that his conduct in all things, from how he prayed, how he conducted himself in business and in war, his sexual relations with his wives, slaves and concubines, and even how he cleaned himself after defecation and urination is an exemplar and model for all humans to follow at all times, regardless of historical circumstance and independent of culture.|summary=}}{{PortalArticle|summary=|title=Ahl al-Bayt (Muhammad's Household)|description=The ''Ahl al-Bayt'', literally "People of the House", is a term used to refer to those persons who are members or descendants of Muhammad's household. These people have a priveleged status in Islamic and especially Shi'ite doctrine. A sahih hadith reports Muhammad to have said, "I have left among you, that which if you hold fast to it, you shall not go astray: The Book of Allah and my family". Traditions of this sort have been variously interpreted by the many sects of Islam.|image=Ahlbayt.jpg}}{{PortalArticle|title=Asbab al-Nuzul (Revelational Circumstances of the Quran)|description=The ''asbab al-nuzul'', or Revelational Circumstances, of the Quran refer to the events described in the hadith and early tafsir literature to have compelled various portions of the revelations found in the Quran. Reports regarding the asbab al-nuzul of verses have been used by Islamic exegetes and jurists from early on in Islamic history, especially in making sense of otherwise obscure passages in the Quran. Historians have found this genre of hadith literature to be particularly tendentious.|image=Asbab.jpg|summary=}} | {{PortalArticle|image=Muhammadgabriel.jpg|title=Uswa Hasana|description=In the mainstream theology of Sunni Islam, the Prophet Muhammad is known as ''al-Insān al-Kāmil'' (lit. "the perfect human") and ''uswa hasana'' (lit. "an excellent model"). This is taken to mean that his conduct in all things, from how he prayed, how he conducted himself in business and in war, his sexual relations with his wives, slaves and concubines, and even how he cleaned himself after defecation and urination is an exemplar and model for all humans to follow at all times, regardless of historical circumstance and independent of culture.|summary=}}{{PortalArticle|summary=|title=Ahl al-Bayt (Muhammad's Household)|description=The ''Ahl al-Bayt'', literally "People of the House", is a term used to refer to those persons who are members or descendants of Muhammad's household. These people have a priveleged status in Islamic and especially Shi'ite doctrine. A sahih hadith reports Muhammad to have said, "I have left among you, that which if you hold fast to it, you shall not go astray: The Book of Allah and my family". Traditions of this sort have been variously interpreted by the many sects of Islam.|image=Ahlbayt.jpg}}{{PortalArticle|title=Asbab al-Nuzul (Revelational Circumstances of the Quran)|description=The ''asbab al-nuzul'', or Revelational Circumstances, of the Quran refer to the events described in the hadith and early tafsir literature to have compelled various portions of the revelations found in the Quran. Reports regarding the asbab al-nuzul of verses have been used by Islamic exegetes and jurists from early on in Islamic history, especially in making sense of otherwise obscure passages in the Quran. Historians have found this genre of hadith literature to be particularly tendentious.|image=Asbab.jpg|summary=}} | ||
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==In history== | ==In history== | ||
Though it was once believed that Muhammad's life transpired 'in the full light of history', historians have since moderated their claims on the basis of revealing critical studies on the origins and development of the hadith as well as due to the at times conflicting archeological evidence that has been studied, much of which comes from non-Muslim sources. Beyond the historical study of Muhammad and his times, Muhammad has also featured multiple times as a character in non-Islamic scriptures that post-date Islam. Altogether, the study of historical and later documents regarding Muhammad, especially those from outside of the Islamic world, have show how non-Muslim perceptions of Muhammad have changed over time. | |||
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{{PortalArticle|image=Jacobi.png|summary=|title=Historical Attestation of Muhammad|description=Records of Muhammad's life are found in various historical documents. While the overwhelming majority of information on Muhammad's life comes from later Islamic scriptures, there is some record of him in contemporary writings from non-Muslims. Some of the information contained in these third-party records conflicts with the narratives found in the later Islamic source, including, prominently, such details as the time of his death and the ecumenical nature of his 'movement'.}}{{PortalArticle|image=Meccaninvasion.png|summary=|title=Mecca|description=Mecca, also known as ''Makkah al-Mukarramah'' (مكة المكرمة, lit. "the Blessed Mecca"), is a city located in the Hijaz region of the Arabian Peninsula and is described by Islamic scriptures as the birthplace of Muhammad (b. 570), the founder of Islam. Mecca is host to the Kaaba, the holiest Islamic mosque (and central pagan shrine prior to Muhammad's conquest of Mecca), and thus the site of the annual Islamic pilgrimage called the Hajj.}} | {{PortalArticle|image=Jacobi.png|summary=|title=Historical Attestation of Muhammad|description=Records of Muhammad's life are found in various historical documents. While the overwhelming majority of information on Muhammad's life comes from later Islamic scriptures, there is some record of him in contemporary writings from non-Muslims. Some of the information contained in these third-party records conflicts with the narratives found in the later Islamic source, including, prominently, such details as the time of his death and the ecumenical nature of his 'movement'.}}{{PortalArticle|image=Meccaninvasion.png|summary=|title=Mecca|description=Mecca, also known as ''Makkah al-Mukarramah'' (مكة المكرمة, lit. "the Blessed Mecca"), is a city located in the Hijaz region of the Arabian Peninsula and is described by Islamic scriptures as the birthplace of Muhammad (b. 570), the founder of Islam. Mecca is host to the Kaaba, the holiest Islamic mosque (and central pagan shrine prior to Muhammad's conquest of Mecca), and thus the site of the annual Islamic pilgrimage called the Hajj.}} | ||
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==In recent times== | ==In recent times== | ||
Today, Muhammad remains one of the most remembered persons to have ever lived on Earth. His is one of if not the most commonly used name for children across the globe and hundreds of millions of Muslims pray for him by name on a daily basis. Outside of the Muslim world, however, and considered from the vantage point of the entire global population, however, the most well-known contemporary relevance of Muhammad is perhaps found in the various international controversies that have ensued from those persons who have dared, in defiance of Islamic law, to depict and criticize him. | |||
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{{PortalArticle|image=Everybody Draw Muhammad Day - May 20th.jpg|summary=|title=Everybody Draw Mohammed Day|description=Everybody Draw Muhammad Day began when, on May 20th, 2010, cartoonist Molly Norris responded to death threats directed at follow cartoonists who had drawn Muhammad by suggesting that if everyone drew Muhammad, then Jihadists would be dumbfounded about who to kill. Subjected to threats herself, Norris later recanted, but her idea lives on.}} | {{PortalArticle|image=Everybody Draw Muhammad Day - May 20th.jpg|summary=|title=Everybody Draw Mohammed Day|description=Everybody Draw Muhammad Day began when, on May 20th, 2010, cartoonist Molly Norris responded to death threats directed at follow cartoonists who had drawn Muhammad by suggesting that if everyone drew Muhammad, then Jihadists would be dumbfounded about who to kill. Subjected to threats herself, Norris later recanted, but her idea lives on.}} | ||
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