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Zunar (Islamic Yellow-Badge Practices): Difference between revisions
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==Islamic Timeline== | ==Islamic Timeline== | ||
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" | {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%" | ||
! width=55px | Date | ! width="55px" |Date | ||
! Description | !Description | ||
|- | |- | ||
|637 AD | |637 AD | ||
| Line 37: | Line 37: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|850 AD | |850 AD | ||
|A decree of the Abbassid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil, reported by the 10th century historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, requires Christian and Jewish subjects to wear honey-coloured hoods and belts of a particular type.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/caliphdecree.html|2=2012-05-15}} Decree of Caliph al-Mutawakkil] - Jewish Virtual Library, accessed May 15, 2012</ref> | |A decree of the Abbassid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil, reported by the 10th century historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, requires Christian and Jewish subjects to wear honey-coloured hoods and belts of a particular type.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/caliphdecree.html|2=2012-05-15}} Decree of Caliph al-Mutawakkil] - Jewish Virtual Library, accessed May 15, 2012</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1005 AD | |1005 AD | ||
|Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim, orders Jewish and Christian residents to wear bells on their garments and a "golden calf" (made of wood) around the neck when bathing with Muslims.<ref> Roumani, Maurice M. (Summer 2003). "[http://mq.dukejournals.org/content/14/3/41.short The Silent Refugees: Jews from Arab Countries]". Mediterranean Quarterly (Duke University Press) 14 (3): pp. 41–77.</ref> | |Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim, orders Jewish and Christian residents to wear bells on their garments and a "golden calf" (made of wood) around the neck when bathing with Muslims.<ref> Roumani, Maurice M. (Summer 2003). "[http://mq.dukejournals.org/content/14/3/41.short The Silent Refugees: Jews from Arab Countries]". Mediterranean Quarterly (Duke University Press) 14 (3): pp. 41–77.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1058 AD | |1058 AD | ||
|Seljuk authorities in the Abbasid empire start to enforce existing laws imposing distinctive dress on Christians and Jews. Non-Muslims in Baghdad are forced to wear signs on their dress.<ref name="Abbasid">[{{Reference archive|1=http://web.archive.org/web/20070416075932/http://www.jewishgates.com/file.asp?File_ID=64|2=2012-05-15}} Fatimids and Seljuks: 909 CE-1100's CE] - JewishGates, Internet Archive capture dated April 16, 2007</ref> | |Seljuk authorities in the Abbasid empire start to enforce existing laws imposing distinctive dress on Christians and Jews. Non-Muslims in Baghdad are forced to wear signs on their dress.<ref name="Abbasid">[{{Reference archive|1=http://web.archive.org/web/20070416075932/http://www.jewishgates.com/file.asp?File_ID=64|2=2012-05-15}} Fatimids and Seljuks: 909 CE-1100's CE] - JewishGates, Internet Archive capture dated April 16, 2007</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1085 AD | |1085 AD | ||
|Non-Muslims are required to wear distinctive signs on their turbans.<ref name="Abbasid"></ref> | |Non-Muslims are required to wear distinctive signs on their turbans.<ref name="Abbasid"></ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1091 AD | |1091 AD | ||
|Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtadi decrees that the "non-believers" had to wear yellow headgear and girdles of various colors, and a sign of lead around their necks to show they had to pay the poll-tax. Women had to wear shoes of different colors, such as one red and the other black.<ref name="Abbasid"></ref> | |Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtadi decrees that the "non-believers" had to wear yellow headgear and girdles of various colors, and a sign of lead around their necks to show they had to pay the poll-tax. Women had to wear shoes of different colors, such as one red and the other black.<ref name="Abbasid"></ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1121 AD | |1121 AD | ||
|A letter from Baghdad describes decrees regulating Jewish clothes: "two yellow badges, one on the headgear and one on the neck. Furthermore, each Jew must hang round his neck a piece of lead with the word dhimmi on it. He also has to wear a belt round his waist. The women have to wear one red and one black shoe and have a small bell on their necks or shoes."<ref>Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews (1987), p.204</ref> | |A letter from Baghdad describes decrees regulating Jewish clothes: "two yellow badges, one on the headgear and one on the neck. Furthermore, each Jew must hang round his neck a piece of lead with the word dhimmi on it. He also has to wear a belt round his waist. The women have to wear one red and one black shoe and have a small bell on their necks or shoes."<ref>Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews (1987), p.204</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 57: | Line 57: | ||
|The yellow badge makes its first appearance in Europe when the Fourth Lateran Council headed by Pope Innocent III declares: "Jews and Saracens of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress."<ref>Fourth Lateran Council, Canon 68</ref> | |The yellow badge makes its first appearance in Europe when the Fourth Lateran Council headed by Pope Innocent III declares: "Jews and Saracens of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress."<ref>Fourth Lateran Council, Canon 68</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1315 AD | |1315 AD | ||
|Emir Ismael Abu-I-Walid forces the Jews of Granada to wear the yellow badge.<ref name="Ulysse Robert"></ref> | |Emir Ismael Abu-I-Walid forces the Jews of Granada to wear the yellow badge.<ref name="Ulysse Robert"></ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1939 AD | |1939 AD | ||
|The yellow badge makes its first appearance among the Nazis, when a number of local German occupational commanders order Jewish Poles in their areas to wear an identifying mark under the threat of death. | |The yellow badge makes its first appearance among the Nazis, when a number of local German occupational commanders order Jewish Poles in their areas to wear an identifying mark under the threat of death. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2001 AD | |2001 AD | ||
|The Taliban regime in the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan require all Hindus to wear yellow badges to segregate "un-Islamic" and "idolatrous" communities from Islamic ones.<ref name="Hindus1"></ref><ref name="Hindus2"></ref><ref name="Hindus3"></ref> | |The Taliban regime in the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan require all Hindus to wear yellow badges to segregate "un-Islamic" and "idolatrous" communities from Islamic ones.<ref name="Hindus1"></ref><ref name="Hindus2"></ref><ref name="Hindus3"></ref> | ||
|} | |} | ||
== See Also == | |||
* [[The Pact of Umar]] | |||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||