Jak islámští vynálezci nezměnili svět: Difference between revisions

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===Destilace===
===Destilace===
{{Quote||The means of separating liquids through differences in their boiling points, was invented around the year 800 by Islam's foremost scientist, Jabir ibn Hayyan, who transformed alchemy into chemistry, inventing many of the basic processes and apparatus still in use today - liquefaction, crystallisation, distillation, purification, oxidisation, evaporation and filtration. As well as discovering sulphuric and nitric acid, he invented the alembic still, giving the world intense rosewater and other perfumes and alcoholic spirits (although drinking them is haram, or forbidden, in Islam). Ibn Hayyan emphasised systematic experimentation and was the founder of modern chemistry.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}
{{Quote||Způsob separace kapalin skrze rozdíl v jejich teplotě varu, byl vymyšlen kolem roku 800 předním islámským vědcem, Jabir ibn Hayyan, který transformoval alchymii na chemii, vynalezl mnoho základních procesů a aparát, který používáme dodnes- liquefaction, crystallisation, distillation, purification, oxidisation, evaporation a filtration. Stejně tak objevil sulphuric and nitric kyselinu, vynalezl alembic still, giving the world intense rosewater and other perfumes and alcoholic spirits (although drinking them is haram, or forbidden, in Islam). Ibn Hayyan emphasised systematic experimentation and was the founder of modern chemistry.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}
[[File:Distillation apparatus.jpg|thumb|right| Distillation apparatus from the Chinese Han dynasty, dated around the first century AD.<ref>R. Talon, ''La Science antique et medievale'', Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1957, plate 16. Photo: Sir J. Needham.</ref>]]
[[File:Distillation apparatus.jpg|thumb|right| Distillation apparatus from the Chinese Han dynasty, dated around the first century AD.<ref>R. Talon, ''La Science antique et medievale'', Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1957, plate 16. Photo: Sir J. Needham.</ref>]]
Speculation has linked some Egyptian illustrations with distillation, but the earliest evidence for its invention so far is a distillation apparatus and terra-cotta perfume containers recently identified in the Indus Valley (pre-Islamic Pakistan) dating from around 3,000 BC, and Miriam the Prophetess (also known as “Maria the Jewess”) invented the kerotakis, an early still dated around  the 1<sup>st</sup> century AD.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080822204500/http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/antibiot/activity/distil.htm Fractional Distillation], The Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2002</ref> The first firm documentary evidence for distillation in the West comes from Greek historian Herodotus' record of the method of distilling turpentine dated 425 BC.<ref>John Ferguson, [http://web.archive.org/web/20011224081242/http://www.dunromin.demon.co.uk/aromatherapy/oils_history.htm History of distillation and essential oils], Aromatherapy Organisation Council</ref> Also, the origins of whisky is dated to the 5<sup>th</sup> century AD, introduced to Ireland by Saint Patrick (390–461 AD), the patron of the Irish.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.celtic-whisky.com/histrya.htm|2=2011-02-07}} History of Whisky and of Distillation (I)], Celtic Whisky Compagnie</ref>So the Arabs may have improved upon the process of distillation some 3500 years later, but they most definitely did not invent it.
Speculation has linked some Egyptian illustrations with distillation, but the earliest evidence for its invention so far is a distillation apparatus and terra-cotta perfume containers recently identified in the Indus Valley (pre-Islamic Pakistan) dating from around 3,000 BC, and Miriam the Prophetess (also known as “Maria the Jewess”) invented the kerotakis, an early still dated around  the 1<sup>st</sup> century AD.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080822204500/http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/antibiot/activity/distil.htm Fractional Distillation], The Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2002</ref> The first firm documentary evidence for distillation in the West comes from Greek historian Herodotus' record of the method of distilling turpentine dated 425 BC.<ref>John Ferguson, [http://web.archive.org/web/20011224081242/http://www.dunromin.demon.co.uk/aromatherapy/oils_history.htm History of distillation and essential oils], Aromatherapy Organisation Council</ref> Also, the origins of whisky is dated to the 5<sup>th</sup> century AD, introduced to Ireland by Saint Patrick (390–461 AD), the patron of the Irish.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.celtic-whisky.com/histrya.htm|2=2011-02-07}} History of Whisky and of Distillation (I)], Celtic Whisky Compagnie</ref>So the Arabs may have improved upon the process of distillation some 3500 years later, but they most definitely did not invent it.
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