em-bypass-2
1,979
edits
Science and the Seven Earths: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
→Seven Layers of the Earth: layers of crust
| [checked revision] | [unchecked revision] |
(→Seven Layers of the Earth: layers of crust) |
|||
| (13 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[File:Sunset from the ISS.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Limb view of the Earth's atmosphere. Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere.]] | [[File:Sunset from the ISS.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Limb view of the Earth's atmosphere. Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere.]] | ||
This article analyzes several different apologetic arguments claiming the [[Qur'an]] correctly asserts that | This article analyzes several different apologetic arguments claiming the [[Qur'an]] correctly asserts that there are "seven heavens" and "seven earths". | ||
==Apologetic Claims== | ==Apologetic Claims== | ||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
===Seven Layers of Earth's Atmosphere=== | ===Seven Layers of Earth's Atmosphere=== | ||
Before beginning, notice that verse 37:6 says that the stars are in the lowest heaven, and thus the seven heavens cannot mean the Earth's atmosphere. | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran|37|6}}| Surely We have adorned the nearest heaven with an adornment, the stars}} | |||
Nevertheless, let's look again at the apologetic claim: | |||
{{Quote|| | {{Quote|| | ||
| Line 31: | Line 38: | ||
If you partition it by temperature, you get 5 layers. By aerodynamical state 4 layers, by radiophysical state 3 layers and by chemical processes 2 layers. There is no classification into 7 layers. | If you partition it by temperature, you get 5 layers. By aerodynamical state 4 layers, by radiophysical state 3 layers and by chemical processes 2 layers. There is no classification into 7 layers. | ||
To reach the needed "seven layers" different criteria are being | To reach the needed "seven layers" different criteria are being mixed to reach the desired number 7. For example, Earth's atmosphere is commonly divided into five main layers based on temperature. From highest to lowest, these layers are: | ||
#Exosphere | #Exosphere | ||
| Line 52: | Line 59: | ||
===Seven Layers of the Earth=== | ===Seven Layers of the Earth=== | ||
{{Quote||The Seven "Earths" refer to the layers that literally make up the Earth | {{Quote|| | ||
The Seven "Earths" refer to the layers that literally make up the Earth | |||
1. crust<BR>2. lithosphere<BR>3. upper mantle<BR>4. astenoshpere ("sic")<BR>5. lower mantle<BR>6. outer core<BR>7. inner core}} | 1. crust<BR>2. lithosphere<BR>3. upper mantle<BR>4. astenoshpere ("sic")<BR>5. lower mantle<BR>6. outer core<BR>7. inner core}} | ||
| Line 80: | Line 88: | ||
From the evidence above, one can see the apologetic deceit because they double-count the lithosphere/asthenosphere while they also count the crust and upper mantle. Note that this is dishonest because these are alternative classifications. One cannot honestly count all lithosphere, asthenosphere, crust, and upper mantle together as one would be recounting the same rocks. | From the evidence above, one can see the apologetic deceit because they double-count the lithosphere/asthenosphere while they also count the crust and upper mantle. Note that this is dishonest because these are alternative classifications. One cannot honestly count all lithosphere, asthenosphere, crust, and upper mantle together as one would be recounting the same rocks. | ||
Recently new scientific hypotheses proposed by J. Marvin Herndon and Prof Xiaodong Song suggest the inner core may be further subdivided into four layers; the inner core, the innermost core, a sub-shell of fission material and decay products, and a subcore of uranium and plutonium forming the georeactor.<ref>D. F. Hollenbach, and J. M. Herndon - [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/98/20/11085 Deep-Earth reactor: Nuclear fission, helium, and the geomagnetic field] - PNAS 2001 vol. 98 no. 20 pp 11085-11090</ref> If this new theory is accepted the number of layers of the earth | Recently new scientific hypotheses proposed by J. Marvin Herndon and Prof Xiaodong Song suggest the inner core may be further subdivided into four layers; the inner core, the innermost core, a sub-shell of fission material and decay products, and a subcore of uranium and plutonium forming the georeactor.<ref>D. F. Hollenbach, and J. M. Herndon - [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/98/20/11085 Deep-Earth reactor: Nuclear fission, helium, and the geomagnetic field] - PNAS 2001 vol. 98 no. 20 pp 11085-11090</ref> If this new theory is accepted the number of layers of the earth will rise from five to eight. | ||
Apologists sometimes depict the hydrosphere in their diagrams but are themselves inconsistent in counting/not counting it as one of their seven layers. Even on the crust, there are many layers of rocks one below the other.<ref>For example, here are the illustrated layers of [https://www.nps.gov/zion/learn/nature/images/ZionStratColumn_small_1.jpg Zion National Park], [http://www.grandcanyonguide.net/sites/default/files/geologic-cross-section-photo_1000.png Grand Canyon], [https://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/arbeitsgruppen/strukturgeologie/lehre/wissen-gratis/Abb.315ProfileNKA.jpg the Alps] and [http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39076000/gif/_39076834_everest_composition_inf416.gif Himalayas].</ref> Their exact number varies from place to place but they can easily number in dozens, and the diversity of these rock layers forms the very basis of geology. Why are apologists ignoring these layers? | |||
===Seven Continents of the Earth=== | ===Seven Continents of the Earth=== | ||
| Line 101: | Line 111: | ||
{{Quote|{{Tabari|1|pp. 207-208}}|According to Muhammad b. Sahl b. 'Askar-Isma'il b. 'Abd al-Karim-Wahb, mentioning some of his majesty (as being described as follows): The heavens and the earth and the oceans are in the haykal, and the haykal is in the Footstool. God's feet are upon the Footstool. He carries the Footstool. It became like a sandal on His feet. When Wahb was asked: What is the haykal? He replied: Something on the heavens' extremities that surrounds the earth and the oceans like ropes that are used to fasten a tent. And when Wahb was asked how earths are (constituted), he replied: '''They are seven earths that are flat and islands'''. Between each two earths, there is an ocean. All that is surrounded by the (surrounding) ocean, and the haykal is behind the ocean.}} | {{Quote|{{Tabari|1|pp. 207-208}}|According to Muhammad b. Sahl b. 'Askar-Isma'il b. 'Abd al-Karim-Wahb, mentioning some of his majesty (as being described as follows): The heavens and the earth and the oceans are in the haykal, and the haykal is in the Footstool. God's feet are upon the Footstool. He carries the Footstool. It became like a sandal on His feet. When Wahb was asked: What is the haykal? He replied: Something on the heavens' extremities that surrounds the earth and the oceans like ropes that are used to fasten a tent. And when Wahb was asked how earths are (constituted), he replied: '''They are seven earths that are flat and islands'''. Between each two earths, there is an ocean. All that is surrounded by the (surrounding) ocean, and the haykal is behind the ocean.}} | ||
===Seven Universes=== | |||
Another common apologetic claim is that these seven heavens are actually seven universes which we are yet to discover, and that we know only our one universe so far. | |||
The following verse contradicts such a claim since it says rain was made to fall from heaven. Certainly, rain does not come from outer space. The word used for heaven here is ''sama'', the same as that for the seven heavens. | |||
{{Quote|{{cite web|url=http://islamawakened.com/quran/54/11/default.htm |title=Qur'an 54:11 |publisher= |author= |date= |archiveurl= |deadurl=no}}|So We opened the gates of heaven, with water pouring forth. }} | |||
==Conclusion== | ==Conclusion== | ||
The scientific evidence does not support any of the claims | The scientific evidence does not support any of the claims concerning the Qur'anic verse 65:12 and its scientific accuracy. | ||
Earth's atmosphere is divided into five main layers based on temperature. Within these five principal layers, several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties. There is no classification into 7 layers. | Earth's atmosphere is divided into five main layers based on temperature. Within these five principal layers, several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties. There is no classification into 7 layers. | ||
Verse 37:6 further disproves the claim because it says the stars are in the lowest heaven. | |||
Modern geology states that there are only four or five layers of the Earth, or up to eight if the new hypotheses of the subcore georeactor are accepted. Without the double-counting of layers, There is no classification into 7 layers. | Modern geology states that there are only four or five layers of the Earth, or up to eight if the new hypotheses of the subcore georeactor are accepted. Without the double-counting of layers, There is no classification into 7 layers. | ||
| Line 119: | Line 138: | ||
{{Hub4|Harun Yahya|Harun Yahya}} | {{Hub4|Harun Yahya|Harun Yahya}} | ||
{{Hub4|Cosmology|Cosmology}} | |||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||