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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Race and Tribe: Difference between revisions
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I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as saying: Verily '''Allah granted eminence to Kinana from amongst the descendants of Isma'il, and he granted eminence to the Quraish amongst Kinana, and he granted eminence to Banu Hashim amonsgst the Quraish''', and he granted me eminence from the tribe of Banu Hashim.}}{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||6|46|3605}}|Narrated Wathilah bin Al-Asqa': that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "Indeed '''Allah has chosen [''istafa''; lit. "taken 'the best' from"<ref>[http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=h619,ll=1750,ls=h5,la=h2468,sg=h604,ha=h412,br=h554,pr=h93,aan=h337,mgf=h517,vi=h225,kz=h1360,mr=h364,mn=h783,uqw=h934,umr=h614,ums=h516,umj=h459,ulq=h1085,uqa=h249,uqq=h195,bdw=h524,amr=h371,asb=h550,auh=h897,dhq=h318,mht=h517,msb=h138,tla=h65,amj=h450,ens=h893,mis=h1231 Lane's Lexicon اصطفاه]</ref>] Isma'il from the children of Ibrahim, and He chose Banu Kinanah from the children of Isma'il, and He chose the Quraish from Banu Kinanah, and He chose Banu Hashim from Quraish''', and He chose me from Banu Hashim." <br> Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)}}{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||6|46|3927}}|Narrated Salman: "The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said to me: 'O Salman! Do not detest me and thereby leave your religion.' I said: 'O Messenger of Allah! How could I detest you while Allah guided us by you.' He said: ''''You will detest the Arabs and thereby detest me.''''" <br> Grade: Da'if (Darussalam)}}{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||6|46|3928}}|Narrated 'Uthman bin 'Affan: | I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as saying: Verily '''Allah granted eminence to Kinana from amongst the descendants of Isma'il, and he granted eminence to the Quraish amongst Kinana, and he granted eminence to Banu Hashim amonsgst the Quraish''', and he granted me eminence from the tribe of Banu Hashim.}}{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||6|46|3605}}|Narrated Wathilah bin Al-Asqa': that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "Indeed '''Allah has chosen [''istafa''; lit. "taken 'the best' from"<ref>[http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=h619,ll=1750,ls=h5,la=h2468,sg=h604,ha=h412,br=h554,pr=h93,aan=h337,mgf=h517,vi=h225,kz=h1360,mr=h364,mn=h783,uqw=h934,umr=h614,ums=h516,umj=h459,ulq=h1085,uqa=h249,uqq=h195,bdw=h524,amr=h371,asb=h550,auh=h897,dhq=h318,mht=h517,msb=h138,tla=h65,amj=h450,ens=h893,mis=h1231 Lane's Lexicon اصطفاه]</ref>] Isma'il from the children of Ibrahim, and He chose Banu Kinanah from the children of Isma'il, and He chose the Quraish from Banu Kinanah, and He chose Banu Hashim from Quraish''', and He chose me from Banu Hashim." <br> Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)}}{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||6|46|3927}}|Narrated Salman: "The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said to me: 'O Salman! Do not detest me and thereby leave your religion.' I said: 'O Messenger of Allah! How could I detest you while Allah guided us by you.' He said: ''''You will detest the Arabs and thereby detest me.''''" <br> Grade: Da'if (Darussalam)}}{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||6|46|3928}}|Narrated 'Uthman bin 'Affan: | ||
that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: '''"Whoever cheats the Arabs, he will not be included in my intercession, and my love shall not reach him."''' <br>Grade: Da'if (Darussalam)}}{{Quote|{{Muwatta|45||17}}|Yahya related to me from Malik from Ismail ibn Abi Hakim that he heard Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz say, "One of the last things that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said was, ''''May Allah fight the jews and the christians.''' They took the graves of their Prophets as places of prostration. '''Two deens shall not co-exist in the land of the Arabs.''''"}}{{Quote|Ibn Sa'd, Vol. 1, p. | that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: '''"Whoever cheats the Arabs, he will not be included in my intercession, and my love shall not reach him."''' <br>Grade: Da'if (Darussalam)}}{{Quote|{{Muwatta|45||17}}|Yahya related to me from Malik from Ismail ibn Abi Hakim that he heard Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz say, "One of the last things that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said was, ''''May Allah fight the jews and the christians.''' They took the graves of their Prophets as places of prostration. '''Two deens shall not co-exist in the land of the Arabs.''''"}}{{Quote|Ibn Sa'd, Vol. 1, p. 2| Ali Ibn Abi Talib, said: Verily the Prophet said: God divided the earth in two halves and placed (me) in the better of the two, then He divided the half in three parts, and I was in the best of them, then '''He chose the Arabs from among the people''', then He chose the Quraysh from among the Arabs, then He chose the children of ‘Abd al-Muttalib from among the Banu Hashim, then he chose me from among the children of ‘Abd al-Muttalib, and from them he chose me.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, Abu Abd Allah Muhammad. Kitab al-Tabaqat, vol i. Translated in English by S. Moinul Haq, Kitab Bhavan, 1784, Kalan Mahal, Daraya Ganj, New Delhi, India, 1972, p12.</ref>}}{{Quote|Ibn Taymiyya, Vol. 31, pp. 376-377|"A man married a maid-slave who bore him a child. Would that child be free or would he be an owned slave?" "Her child whom she bore from him would be the property of her master according to all the Imams (heads of the four Islamic schools of law) because the child follows the (status) of his mother in freedom or slavery. If the child is not of the race of Arabs, then he is definitely an owned slave according to the scholars, but the scholars disputed (his status) among themselves if he was from the Arabs - whether he must be enslaved or not because '''when A'isha (Muhammad's wife) had a maid-slave who was an Arab, Muhammad said to A'isha, `Set this maid free because she is from the children of Ishmael.''''"}} | ||
====Quraysh==== | ====Quraysh==== | ||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|56|704}}|Narrated Muhammad bin Jubair bin Mut`im: That while he was with a delegation from Quraish to Muawiya, the latter heard the news that `Abdullah bin `Amr bin Al-`As said that there would be a king from the tribe of Qahtan. On that Muawiya became angry, got up and then praised Allah as He deserved, and said, "Now then, I have heard that some men amongst you narrate things which are neither in the Holy Book, nor have been told by Allah's Messenger (ﷺ). Those men are the ignorant amongst you. Beware of such hopes as make the people go astray, for I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) saying, ''''Authority of ruling will remain with Quraish, and whoever bears hostility to them, Allah will destroy him''' as long as they abide by the laws of the religion.' "}}{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|56|705}}; see also {{muslim|20|4476}}|Narrated Ibn `Umar: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, '''"Authority of ruling will remain with Quraish, even if only two of them remained."'''}}{{Quote|{{muslim|20|4473}}|It has been narrarted on the authority of Abu Huraira that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|56|704}}|Narrated Muhammad bin Jubair bin Mut`im: That while he was with a delegation from Quraish to Muawiya, the latter heard the news that `Abdullah bin `Amr bin Al-`As said that there would be a king from the tribe of Qahtan. On that Muawiya became angry, got up and then praised Allah as He deserved, and said, "Now then, I have heard that some men amongst you narrate things which are neither in the Holy Book, nor have been told by Allah's Messenger (ﷺ). Those men are the ignorant amongst you. Beware of such hopes as make the people go astray, for I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) saying, ''''Authority of ruling will remain with Quraish, and whoever bears hostility to them, Allah will destroy him''' as long as they abide by the laws of the religion.' "}}{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|56|705}}; see also {{muslim|20|4476}}|Narrated Ibn `Umar: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, '''"Authority of ruling will remain with Quraish, even if only two of them remained."'''}}{{Quote|{{muslim|20|4473}}|It has been narrarted on the authority of Abu Huraira that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: | ||
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al-Ibshihi (1388–1446), Egyptian scholar who wrote an encyclopedia covering Islamic law, theology, mysticism, and some other topics.{{Quote|{{citation|url=https://app.turath.io/book/23802|page=328|author=Shihab al-Din al-Ibshihi|title=al-Mustatraf fi Kul Fan Mustatraf|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Shamila}}; translated in {{citation|title=Race and Slavery in the Middle East: A Historical Enquiry|author=Bernard Lewis|ISBN=978-0-19-506283-0|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1990|pages=92-99|chapter=Image and Stereotype}}|Is there anything more vile than black slaves, of less good and more evil than they'? As for the mulatto, if you show kindness to one of them all your life and in every way, he will not be grateful; and it will be as if you had done nothing for him. The better you treat him, the more insolent he will he; the worse you treat him, the more humble and submissive. I have tried this many times, and how well the poet says: ‘If you honor the honorable you possess him / If you honor the ignoble, he will be insolent.’ It is said that when the [black] slave is sated, he fornicates, when he is hungry, he steals. My grandfather on my mother's side used to say: The worst use of money is bringing up slaves, and mulattoes are even worse and wickeder than Zanj, for the mulatto does not know his father, while the Zanji often knows both parents. It is said of the mulatto that he is like a mule, because he is a mongrel. . . . Do not trust a mulatto, for there is rarely any good in him}} | al-Ibshihi (1388–1446), Egyptian scholar who wrote an encyclopedia covering Islamic law, theology, mysticism, and some other topics.{{Quote|{{citation|url=https://app.turath.io/book/23802|page=328|author=Shihab al-Din al-Ibshihi|title=al-Mustatraf fi Kul Fan Mustatraf|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Shamila}}; translated in {{citation|title=Race and Slavery in the Middle East: A Historical Enquiry|author=Bernard Lewis|ISBN=978-0-19-506283-0|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1990|pages=92-99|chapter=Image and Stereotype}}|Is there anything more vile than black slaves, of less good and more evil than they'? As for the mulatto, if you show kindness to one of them all your life and in every way, he will not be grateful; and it will be as if you had done nothing for him. The better you treat him, the more insolent he will he; the worse you treat him, the more humble and submissive. I have tried this many times, and how well the poet says: ‘If you honor the honorable you possess him / If you honor the ignoble, he will be insolent.’ It is said that when the [black] slave is sated, he fornicates, when he is hungry, he steals. My grandfather on my mother's side used to say: The worst use of money is bringing up slaves, and mulattoes are even worse and wickeder than Zanj, for the mulatto does not know his father, while the Zanji often knows both parents. It is said of the mulatto that he is like a mule, because he is a mongrel. . . . Do not trust a mulatto, for there is rarely any good in him}} | ||
==Race and tribe in early Islam== | |||
===Race=== | |||
The following quotes a Abd al-Hamid (d. 750, known as Abd al-Hamid "al-Katib" or Abd al-Hamid "The Scribe"), who was the scribe and was writing on behalf of the final Umayyad caliph, Marwan II (r. 744-750) | |||
{{Quote|Recorded by al-Jahshiyari (d. 942), a prominent Abbasid bureaucrat and scholar, in his ''Kitab al-wuzara wa'l-kuttab'' (or ''Book of Viziers and Scribes''). Translated and quoted in: {{citation|editor=Bernard Lewis|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1987|title=Islam from the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople|page=197|ISBN=9780195050875|url=https://global.oup.com/ushe/product/islam-9780195050875?cc=us&lang=en&}}|A governor presented Marwan with a black slave. He said to 'Abd al-Hamid, "Write to him and disparage what he has done" 'Abd al-Hamid wrote to the governor, "Had you found a worse color than black and a smaller number than one, you would have sent that." This is adapted from the saying of a Bedouin who was asked what children he had, and replied, "Little and bad." When asked what he meant, he replied, "Not less than one, not worse than a daughter."}} | |||
==Historians on race and tribe in Islam== | ==Historians on race and tribe in Islam== | ||
Dr. Michael Penn is Teresa Hihn Moore Professor of Religious Studies at Stanford University and is a specialist in early Islamic history. | Dr. Michael Penn is Teresa Hihn Moore Professor of Religious Studies at Stanford University and is a specialist in early Islamic history. | ||
{{Quote|{{citation|title=Envisioning Islam - Syriac Christians and the Early Muslim World|year=2015|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|page=59|ISBN=978-0-8122-4722-0|author=Michael Penn}}|Contrary to many present-day stereotypes of early Islam, throughout much of the seventh and early eighth centuries, admission into the ''umma'' was reserved exclusively for Arabs. Religious conversion was predicated on ethnic conversion. For a non-Arab to become Muslim, that individual first had to gain membership in an Arab tribe by becoming the ''mawlā'' (client) of an Arab sponsor. From a seventh-century Islamic perspective, ethnicity and religion were not independent variables. All Muslims were Arabs, and ideally all Arabs were Muslims.}} | {{Quote|{{citation|title=Envisioning Islam - Syriac Christians and the Early Muslim World|year=2015|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|page=59|ISBN=978-0-8122-4722-0|author=Michael Penn}}|Contrary to many present-day stereotypes of early Islam, throughout much of the seventh and early eighth centuries, admission into the ''umma'' was reserved exclusively for Arabs. Religious conversion was predicated on ethnic conversion. For a non-Arab to become Muslim, that individual first had to gain membership in an Arab tribe by becoming the ''mawlā'' (client) of an Arab sponsor. From a seventh-century Islamic perspective, ethnicity and religion were not independent variables. All Muslims were Arabs, and ideally all Arabs were Muslims.}} | ||