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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:People of the Book (view source)
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Jews and Christians, along with mysterious Sabeans of the Qur'an, form the "People of the Book", those with scriptures whose communities preceded Islam. The Qur'an has both good and bad things to say of them; taken in view of the hadith, though, the Islamic view of them is clear: they were people who had been given the Taurah and the Injeel, the true message of Allah, but for their own benefit hid and altered it. As such they are still subject to the wrath of Allah and doom. In terms of coexistence, they may be offered the ability to live under dhimmitude, paying the jizyah and feeling themselves subdued, so in this regard they are better off than polytheists who get a choice of either the sword or Islam. Despite this pact of "protection" as dhimmis or "protected ones" they are subject to numerous rules and regulations that set them apart from and under Muslims socially and economically. The tradition also saves special enmity for the Jews, whom it accuses of murdering Muhammad and who are blamed for their intransigence in resisting Muhammad and his movement. Theologically, they are accused raising up mere humans to divine figures (this accusation is made, without any basis in fact, against the Jews in relation to the prophet Ezra) and are thus subject to destruction and doom eternal in the Fire. | |||
==Qur'an== | ==Qur'an== | ||
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{{Quote|{{Quran|2|65}}|And ye know of those of you who broke the Sabbath, how We said unto them: Be ye apes, despised and hated!}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|2|65}}|And ye know of those of you who broke the Sabbath, how We said unto them: Be ye apes, despised and hated!}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|88}}|"And they say: Our hearts are hardened. Nay, but Allah hath cursed them for their unbelief. Little is that which they believe. And when there cometh unto them a scripture from Allah, confirming that in their possession - though before that they were asking for a signal triumph over those who disbelieved - and when there cometh unto them that which they know (to be the truth) they disbelieve therein. The curse of Allah is on disbelievers. Evil is that for which they sell their souls: that they should disbelieve in that which Allah hath revealed, grudging that Allah should reveal of His bounty unto whom He will of His slaves. They have incurred anger upon anger. For disbelievers is a shameful doom."}} | {{Quote|{{Quran-range|2|88|90}}|"And they say: Our hearts are hardened. Nay, but Allah hath cursed them for their unbelief. Little is that which they believe. And when there cometh unto them a scripture from Allah, confirming that in their possession - though before that they were asking for a signal triumph over those who disbelieved - and when there cometh unto them that which they know (to be the truth) they disbelieve therein. The curse of Allah is on disbelievers. Evil is that for which they sell their souls: that they should disbelieve in that which Allah hath revealed, grudging that Allah should reveal of His bounty unto whom He will of His slaves. They have incurred anger upon anger. For disbelievers is a shameful doom."}} | ||
{{Quote|1={{Quran|2|120}}|2=Never will the Jews or the Christians be satisfied with thee unless thou follow their form of religion. Say: "The Guidance of Allah,-that is the (only) Guidance." Wert thou to follow their desires after the knowledge which hath reached thee, then wouldst thou find neither Protector nor helper against Allah.}} | {{Quote|1={{Quran|2|120}}|2=Never will the Jews or the Christians be satisfied with thee unless thou follow their form of religion. Say: "The Guidance of Allah,-that is the (only) Guidance." Wert thou to follow their desires after the knowledge which hath reached thee, then wouldst thou find neither Protector nor helper against Allah.}} | ||
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===Sahih Bukhari=== | ===Sahih Bukhari=== | ||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari| | {{Quote|1={{Bukhari|1|8|427}}|2=Narrated 'Aisha and 'Abdullah bin 'Abbas: When the last moment of the life of Allah's Apostle came he started putting his 'Khamisa' on his face and when he felt hot and short of breath he took it off his face and said, "May Allah curse the Jews and Christians for they built the places of worship at the graves of their Prophets." The Prophet was warning (Muslims) of what those had done.}} | ||
{{Quote|1={{Bukhari|1|12|749}}|2=Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle said, "Say Amen' when the Imam says "Ghair-il-maghdubi 'alaihim wala-ddal-lin; not the path of those who earn Your Anger (such as Jews) nor of those who go astray (such as Christians); all the past sins of the person whose saying (of Amin) coincides with that of the angels, will be forgiven.}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|55|657}}|Narrated Abu Huraira: | |||
Allah’s Apostle said, “By Him in Whose Hands my soul is, surely (Jesus,) the son of Mary will soon descend amongst you and will judge mankind justly (as a Just Ruler); he will break the Cross and kill the pigs and there will be no Jizya (i.e. taxation taken from non Muslims). Money will be in abundance so that nobody will accept it, and a single prostration to Allah (in prayer) will be better than the whole world and whatever is in it.” Abu Huraira added “If you wish, you can recite (this verse of the Holy Book): — ‘And there is none Of the people of the Scriptures (Jews and Christians) But must believe in him (i.e Jesus as an Apostle of Allah and a human being) Before his death. And on the Day of Judgment He will be a witness Against them.” (4.159) (See Fateh Al Bari, Page 302 Vol 7)}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|55|658}}|Narrated Abu Huraira: | |||
Allah’s Apostle said “How will you be when the son of Mary (i.e. Jesus) descends amongst you and he will judge people by the Law of the Quran and not by the law of Gospel (Fateh-ul Bari page 304 and 305 Vol 7)}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|56|791}}|Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Umar: | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|56|791}}|Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Umar: | ||
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|58|227}}|Narrated Abbas bin Malik: ...When I went (over the sixth heaven), there I saw Moses. Gabriel said (to me),' This is Moses; pay him your greeting. So I greeted him and he returned the greetings to me and said, 'You are welcomed, O pious brother and pious Prophet.' When I left him (i.e. Moses) he wept. Someone asked him, 'What makes you weep?' Moses said, 'I weep because after me there has been sent (as Prophet) a young man whose followers will enter Paradise in greater numbers than my followers.'}} | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|58|227}}|Narrated Abbas bin Malik: ...When I went (over the sixth heaven), there I saw Moses. Gabriel said (to me),' This is Moses; pay him your greeting. So I greeted him and he returned the greetings to me and said, 'You are welcomed, O pious brother and pious Prophet.' When I left him (i.e. Moses) he wept. Someone asked him, 'What makes you weep?' Moses said, 'I weep because after me there has been sent (as Prophet) a young man whose followers will enter Paradise in greater numbers than my followers.'}} | ||
{{Quote| | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|63|209}}|Narrated Nafi': | ||
Whenever Ibn 'Umar was asked about marrying a Christian lady or a Jewess, he would say: "Allah has made it unlawful for the believers to marry ladies who ascribe partners in worship to Allah, and I do not know of a greater thing, as regards to ascribing partners in worship, etc. to Allah, than that a lady should say that Jesus is her Lord although he is just one of Allah's slaves."}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|72|836}}|Narrated 'Aisha: | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|72|836}}|Narrated 'Aisha: | ||
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{{Quote|{{Muslim|26|5389}}|Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: Do not greet the Jews and the Christians before they greet you and when you meet any one of them on the roads force him to go to the narrowest part of it.}} | {{Quote|{{Muslim|26|5389}}|Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: Do not greet the Jews and the Christians before they greet you and when you meet any one of them on the roads force him to go to the narrowest part of it.}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Muslim|19|4363}}|It has been narrated on the authority of Abu Huraira who said: We were (sitting) in the mosque when the Messenger of Allah came to us and said: (Let us) go to the Jews. We went out with him until we came to them. '''The Messenger of Allah stood up and called out to them (saying): O ye assembly of Jews, accept Islam (and) you will be safe.''' They said: Abu'l-Qasim, you have communicated (God's Message to us). The Messenger of Allah said: I want this (i. e. you should admit that God's Message has been communicated to you), accept Islam and you would be safe. They said: Abu'l-Qisim, you have communicated (Allah's Message). The Messenger of Allah said: I want this... - He said to them (the same words) the third time (and on getting the same reply) '''he added: You should know that the earth belongs to Allah and His Apostle, and I wish that I should expel you from this land. Those of you who have any property with them should sell it, otherwise they should know that the earth belongs to Allah and His Apostle (and they may have to go away leaving everything behind).'''}} | |||
{{Quote|1={{Muslim|41|6985}}, See also: {{Muslim|41|6981}}, {{Muslim|41|6982}}, {{Muslim|41|6983}}, and {{Muslim|41|6984}}|2=Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: The last hour would not come unless the Muslims will fight against the Jews and the Muslims would kill them until the Jews would hide themselves behind a stone or a tree and a stone or a tree would say: Muslim, or the servant of Allah, there is a Jew behind me; come and kill him; but the tree Gharqad would not say, for it is the tree of the Jews.}} | {{Quote|1={{Muslim|41|6985}}, See also: {{Muslim|41|6981}}, {{Muslim|41|6982}}, {{Muslim|41|6983}}, and {{Muslim|41|6984}}|2=Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: The last hour would not come unless the Muslims will fight against the Jews and the Muslims would kill them until the Jews would hide themselves behind a stone or a tree and a stone or a tree would say: Muslim, or the servant of Allah, there is a Jew behind me; come and kill him; but the tree Gharqad would not say, for it is the tree of the Jews.}} | ||
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===Abu Dawud=== | ===Abu Dawud=== | ||
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|37|4310}}|Narrated AbuHurayrah: | |||
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: There is no prophet between me and him, that is, Jesus (peace be upon him). He will descent (to the earth). When you see him, recognise him: a man of medium height, reddish fair, wearing two light yellow garments, looking as if drops were falling down from his head though it will not be wet. He will fight the people for the cause of Islam. He will break the cross, kill swine, and abolish jizyah. Allah will perish all religions except Islam. He will destroy the Antichrist and will live on the earth for forty years and then he will die. The Muslims will pray over him.}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|39|4527}}|Narrated Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-'As: | {{Quote|{{Abudawud|39|4527}}|Narrated Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-'As: | ||
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{{Quote|{{Muwatta|53|53|2|3}}|Yahya related to me from Malik from Abdullah ibn Dinar that Abdullah ibn Umar said that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, "When a jew greets you, and says 'Death to you' (as-samu alaykum) say, 'And to you.' " <BR> | {{Quote|{{Muwatta|53|53|2|3}}|Yahya related to me from Malik from Abdullah ibn Dinar that Abdullah ibn Umar said that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, "When a jew greets you, and says 'Death to you' (as-samu alaykum) say, 'And to you.' " <BR> | ||
Yahya said, "Malik was asked whether a person who greeted a jew or christian, should apologise for it. He said, 'No'."}} | Yahya said, "Malik was asked whether a person who greeted a jew or christian, should apologise for it. He said, 'No'."}} | ||
==Sira== | |||
===Ibn Ishaq=== | ===Ibn Ishaq=== | ||
{{Quote|Ibn Ishaq | {{Quote|{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|trans_title=Sirat Rasul Allah|ISBN=0-19-636033-1|year=1955|publisher=Oxford UP|author1=Ibn Ishaq (d. 768)|author2=Ibn Hisham (d. 833)|editor=A. Guillaume|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up|pages=262-263}} | ||
{{citation|title=سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا|author1=ابن إسحاق|author2=ابن هشام|https://app.turath.io/book/23833|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol.1 |page=558}} | |||
|Some Muslims remained friends with the Jews because of the ties of mutual protection and alliance which had subsisted between them, so God sent down concerning them and forbidding them to take them as intimate friends: 'O you who believe, do not choose those outside your community as intimate friends. They will spare no pains to corrupt you longing for your ruin. From their mouths hatred has already shown itself and what their breasts conceal is greater. We have made the signs plain to you if you will understand. Behold you love them but they love not you and you believe in the book--all of it, i.e. you believe in their book and in the books that were before that while they deny your book, so that you have more right to hate them than they to hate you. 'And when they meet you they say, we believe and when they go apart they bite their fingers against you in rage. Say, Die in your rage'}} | |||
==Scholars== | ==Scholars== | ||
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And Allaah knows best.}} | And Allaah knows best.}} | ||
{{Quote| | {{Quote|{{ cite web quotebox|url= http://islamqa.com/en/ref/12713|title= Is the trinity that the Christians believe in mentioned in Islam?|publisher= Islam Q&A|author= |series=Fatwa No. 12713|date= |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fislamqa.com%2Fen%2Fref%2F12713&date=2013-12-06|deadurl=no}}|Yes, this belief [Trinity] is mentioned in the Qur’aan, but that is by way of refutation and proving it to be false, and describing the one who believes in it as a kaafir and mushrik.Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): ''[Quotes {{Quran|5|17}}, {{Quran|5|73}} & {{Quran|9|31}}]'' | ||
This is something that is well known among the Muslims, and they are unanimously agreed that the Christians are kaafirs, and even that those who do not regard them as kaafirs are also kaafirs. Shaykh Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhaab said concerning the things which are unanimously agreed to nullify Islam: | This is something that is well known among the Muslims, and they are unanimously agreed that the Christians are kaafirs, and even that those who do not regard them as kaafirs are also kaafirs. Shaykh Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhaab said concerning the things which are unanimously agreed to nullify Islam: | ||
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This trinity in which the Christians believe is not one of the things that lead to shirk [disbelief, polytheism], rather it is the essence of shirk. The trinity that the later Christians have fabricated has no evidence in reason and fitrah (the innate nature of man), and there is nothing to support it in the divinely-revealed Books which Allaah sent down.}} | This trinity in which the Christians believe is not one of the things that lead to shirk [disbelief, polytheism], rather it is the essence of shirk. The trinity that the later Christians have fabricated has no evidence in reason and fitrah (the innate nature of man), and there is nothing to support it in the divinely-revealed Books which Allaah sent down.}} | ||
{{Quote| | {{Quote|{{cite web quotebox|url= http://islamqa.com/en/ref/67626|title= The difference between the mushrikeen and the kuffaar, and to which category do the Jews and Christians belong?|publisher= Islam Q&A|author= |series=Fatwa No. 67626|date= |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fislamqa.com%2Fen%2Fref%2F67626&date=2013-12-06|deadurl=no}}|The Jews and Christians are both kaafirs and mushrikeen. They are kaafirs because they deny the truth and reject it. And they are mushrikeen because they worship someone other than Allaah. | ||
Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): ''[Quotes {{Quran|9|30-31}} and {{Quran|98|1}}]'' | Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): ''[Quotes {{Quran|9|30-31}} and {{Quran|98|1}}]'' | ||
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{{Quote|Yusuf al-Qaradawi, January 30, 2009|Throughout history, Allah has imposed upon the [Jews] people who would punish them for their corruption. The last punishment was carried out by Hitler. By means of all the things he did to them – even though they exaggerated this issue – he managed to put them in their place. This was divine punishment for them. Allah willing, the next time will be at the hand of the believers<ref>[http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/3062.htm Sheikh Yousuf Al-Qaradhawi: Allah Imposed Hitler On the Jews to Punish Them – 'Allah Willing, the Next Time Will Be at the Hand of the Believers'] - MEMRI: Special Dispatch, No. 2224, February 3, 2009</ref>}} | {{Quote|Yusuf al-Qaradawi, January 30, 2009|Throughout history, Allah has imposed upon the [Jews] people who would punish them for their corruption. The last punishment was carried out by Hitler. By means of all the things he did to them – even though they exaggerated this issue – he managed to put them in their place. This was divine punishment for them. Allah willing, the next time will be at the hand of the believers<ref>[http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/3062.htm Sheikh Yousuf Al-Qaradhawi: Allah Imposed Hitler On the Jews to Punish Them – 'Allah Willing, the Next Time Will Be at the Hand of the Believers'] - MEMRI: Special Dispatch, No. 2224, February 3, 2009</ref>}} | ||
{{Quote|Yusuf al-Qaradawi, January 9, 2009|Oh Allah, take your enemies, the enemies of Islam. Oh Allah, take the Jews, the treacherous aggressors. Oh Allah, take this profligate, cunning, arrogant band of people. Oh Allah, they have spread much tyranny and corruption in the land. Pour Your wrath upon them, oh our God. Lie in wait for them. Oh Allah, You annihilated the people of Thamoud at the hand of a tyrant, and You annihilated the people of 'Aad with a fierce, icy gale. Oh Allah, You annihilated the people Thamoud at the hand of a tyrant, You annihilated the people of 'Aad with a fierce, icy gale, and You destroyed the Pharaoh and his soldiers — oh Allah, take this oppressive, tyrannical band of people. Oh Allah, take this oppressive, Jewish, Zionist band of people. Oh Allah, do not spare a single one of them. Oh Allah, count their numbers, and kill them, down to the very last one.<ref>[Sheik Yousuf Al-Qaradhawi Incites against Jews, Arab Regimes, and the U.S., and Calls on Muslims to Boycott Starbucks, Marks and Spencer] - MEMRI TV, Video Clip No. 1979, Al-Jazeera TV (Qatar) - January 9, 2009 - 10:44</ref>}} | {{Quote|Yusuf al-Qaradawi, January 9, 2009|Oh Allah, take your enemies, the enemies of Islam. Oh Allah, take the Jews, the treacherous aggressors. Oh Allah, take this profligate, cunning, arrogant band of people. Oh Allah, they have spread much tyranny and corruption in the land. Pour Your wrath upon them, oh our God. Lie in wait for them. Oh Allah, You annihilated the people of Thamoud at the hand of a tyrant, and You annihilated the people of 'Aad with a fierce, icy gale. Oh Allah, You annihilated the people Thamoud at the hand of a tyrant, You annihilated the people of 'Aad with a fierce, icy gale, and You destroyed the Pharaoh and his soldiers — oh Allah, take this oppressive, tyrannical band of people. Oh Allah, take this oppressive, Jewish, Zionist band of people. Oh Allah, do not spare a single one of them. Oh Allah, count their numbers, and kill them, down to the very last one.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/1979.htm|2=2013-05-23}} Sheik Yousuf Al-Qaradhawi Incites against Jews, Arab Regimes, and the U.S., and Calls on Muslims to Boycott Starbucks, Marks and Spencer] - MEMRI TV, Video Clip No. 1979, Al-Jazeera TV (Qatar) - January 9, 2009 - 10:44</ref>}} | ||
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-the-scholar/international-relations-and-jihad/jihad-rulings-and-regulations/174504-spending-zakah-money-on-jihad.html?Regulations=|2=2011-10-13}} Spending Zakah Money on Jihad]<BR>Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, IslamOnline, March 9, 2011|2=... disbelievers may be Jews, Christians or both or even pagans, who follow no particular religion at all. Disbelievers are all alike.<BR><BR>Capitalists, Communists, Westerners, Easterners, People of the Book and pagans are by no means different from one other. They should all be fiercely fought if they attempt to occupy any part of the Muslim land. }} | {{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-the-scholar/international-relations-and-jihad/jihad-rulings-and-regulations/174504-spending-zakah-money-on-jihad.html?Regulations=|2=2011-10-13}} Spending Zakah Money on Jihad]<BR>Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, IslamOnline, March 9, 2011|2=... disbelievers may be Jews, Christians or both or even pagans, who follow no particular religion at all. Disbelievers are all alike.<BR><BR>Capitalists, Communists, Westerners, Easterners, People of the Book and pagans are by no means different from one other. They should all be fiercely fought if they attempt to occupy any part of the Muslim land. }} | ||
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{{Quote|Islamic scholar, Abdulwahab al-Salhi|The indecent lot of 'Tash Ma Tash' ... used drama to destroy Muslims' stable religious principles by portraying Christians as believers and not apostates.<ref name="Saudi sitcom"></ref>}} | {{Quote|Islamic scholar, Abdulwahab al-Salhi|The indecent lot of 'Tash Ma Tash' ... used drama to destroy Muslims' stable religious principles by portraying Christians as believers and not apostates.<ref name="Saudi sitcom"></ref>}} | ||
==See Also== | |||
*[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Banu Qurayza]] | *[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Banu Qurayza]] | ||
{{Hub4|Non-Muslims (Primary Sources)|Non-Muslims (Primary Sources)}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
[[Category:QHS]] | [[Category:QHS]] | ||
[[Category:Antisemitism]] | |||
[[Category:People of the Book]] | [[Category:People of the Book]] | ||
[[Category:Kafir (infidel)]] | |||
[[Category:Sacred history]] | |||
[[Category:Jewish tradition]] | |||