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==Banu Anbar==
==Banu Anbar==
{{Quote|{{Tabari|9|p. 122}}|Muhammad sent Uyaynah to raid The Banu Anbar. They killed some people and took others captive. Asma was one of the women taken prisoner.}}
{{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. IX|ISBN=0-88706-691-7|year=1990|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor=Ismail K. Poonawala|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n2267/mode/2up|page=122}}<br>{{citation|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك|author=أبو جعفر الطبري|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol. 3|page=157}}|(Now the report goes back to `Abdallah b. Abi Bakr who states:) The expedition of Zayd b. Harithah, Ja`far b. Abi Talib, and 'Abdallah b. Rawahah to Mu'tah in the land of Syria; the expedition of Ka`b b. `Umayr al-Ghifari to Dhat Atlah in the land of Syria, where he and his companions were killed; the expedition of 'Uyaynah b. Hisn to the Band al-`Anbar of the Band Tamim. It is reported by them that the Messenger of God sent `Uyaynah to them, who raided them, killed some of their people, and took the others captive.<br>
Ibn Humayd--Salamah--Ibn lshaq--`Asim b. 'Umar b. Qatadah: `A'ishah said to the Messenger of God, "O Messenger of God, I must free a slave of the sons of Isma'il." He replied, "These captives of the Banu al-`Anbar are coming now. We will give you one, and you can set him free." Ibn Ishaq states: When their captives were brought to the Messenger of God, a deputation of the Band Tamim rode with them until they arrived before the Messenger of God. Among them were Rabi`ah b. Rufay`, Sabrah b. `Amr, al-Qa`qa` b. Ma`bad, Wardan b. Muhriz, Qays b. `Asim, Malik b. `Amr, al-Agra` b. Habis, Hanzalah b. Darim, and Firas b. Habis. Among their women who were taken captive on that day were Asma' bt. Malik; Ka`s bt. Ari; Najwah bt. Nahd; Jumay`ah bt. Qays; and `Amrah bt. Matar.}}


==Banu al-Mustaliq==
==Banu al-Mustaliq==
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:When the freezing wind forces dogs to shelter.}}
:When the freezing wind forces dogs to shelter.}}


{{Quote|{{Tabari|7|p. 81}}|The next day I went to the Prophet. He was sitting with Abu Bakr, and they were weeping. I said, ‘O Messenger of Allah, tell me, what has made you weep? If I find cause to weep, I will weep with you, and if not, I will pretend to weep because you are weeping.’ The Prophet said, ‘It is because of the taking of ransoms. It was laid before me that I should punish them instead.’ Allah revealed: ‘It is not for any Prophet to have captives until he has made slaughter in the land.’ After that Allah made booty lawful for them.}}
{{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. VII|ISBN=0-88706-344-6|year=1987|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor1=W. Montgomery Watt|editor2=M. V. McDonald|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1805/mode/2up|pages=81-82}}<br>{{citation|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك|author=أبو جعفر الطبري|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol. 2|page=475}}|The Messenger of God liked what Abu Bakr said and did not like what I said, and accepted ransoms for the captives. The next day I went to the Prophet in the morning. He was sitting with Abu Bakr, and they were weeping. I said, "O Messenger of God, tell me, what has made you and your companion weep? If I find cause to weep, I will weep with you, and if not, I will pretend to weep because you are weeping." The Messenger of God said, "It is because of the taking of ransoms which has been laid before your companions. It was laid before me that I should punish them, more nearly than this tree (and he pointed to a nearby tree)." God revealed: "It is not for any Prophet to have captives until he hath made slaughter in the land..." to the words, "(Had it not been for an ordinance of Allah which had gone before) ... an awful doom had come upon you on account of what ye took." After that,
God made the booty lawful for them. In the following year, at Uhud, they were punished for what they had done. Seventy men of the companions of the Messenger of God were killed, and seventy were taken captive. (Muhammad's) lateral incisor was broken, his helmet was shattered on his head, and the blood flowed over his face; the Prophet 's companions fled and took to the mountain. (Then) God revealed: "And was it so, when a disaster smote you, though ye had smitten (them with a disaster) twice (as great), that ye said, How is this? Say (unto them, O Muhammad): It is from yourselves. 'Lo! Allah is able to do all things.'" And this other verse was revealed: "When ye climbed (the hill) and paid no heed to anyone, while the messenger in your rear was calling you (to fight). Therefore, he rewarded you grief for (his) grief that (he might teach) you not to sorrow either for that which ye missed or for that which befell you.... Then after grief he sent down security for you."}}


{{Quote|{{Tabari|7|p. 85}}|Muhammad killed many Quraysh polytheists at Badr.|See Also Ishaq 288}}
{{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. VII|ISBN=0-88706-344-6|year=1987|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor1=W. Montgomery Watt|editor2=M. V. McDonald|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1805/mode/2up|page=85}}<br>{{citation|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك|author=أبو جعفر الطبري|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol. 2|page=479}}<br>See Also Ishaq 288|The Campaign Against the Banu Qaynuqa':<br>
Abu Ja'far (al-Tabari) says: The Messenger of God remained in Medina after his return from Badr. When he first came to Medina he had made a compact with its Jews that they would not aid anyone against him and that if any enemy attacked him there they would come to his aid. After the Messenger of God killed many polytheists of Quraysh at Badr, (the Jews) were envious and behaved badly towards him, saying, "Muhammad has not met anyone who is good at fighting. Had he met us, he would have had a battle which would be unlike a battle with anyone else." They also infringed the contract in various ways}}


{{Quote|{{Tabari|7|p. 98}}|The Messenger ordered Zayd [the prophet’s former slave turned adoptive son] out on a raid in which he captured a Quraysh caravan led by Abu Sufyan at a watering place in Najd.… A number of their merchants set out with a large amount of silver since this was the main part of their merchandise. They hired a man to guide them along this route. Zayd captured the caravan and its goods but was unable to capture the men. He brought the caravan to the Prophet.}}
{{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. VII|ISBN=0-88706-344-6|year=1987|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor1=W. Montgomery Watt|editor2=M. V. McDonald|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1805/mode/2up|pages=98-99}}<br>{{citation|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك|author=أبو جعفر الطبري|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol. 2|pages=492-493}}|The Expedition to al-Qaradah:<br>
 
Al-Waqidi says: in Jumada al-Akhirah (which began November 19, 624) of this year the expedition to al-Qaradah took place. Its leader is said to have been Zayd b. Harithah. This is the first expedition led by Zayd b. Harithah.<br> According to Abu Ja`far (al-Tabari)--Ibn Humayd--Salamah--Ibn Ishaq: The Messenger of God sent Zayd b. Harithah on an expedition in which he captured the caravan of Quraysh led by Abu Sufyan b. Harb at Qaradah, a watering place in Najd. After what happened at the battle of Badr, Quraysh were afraid to take the road which they used to follow to Syria and instead took the Iraq route. A number of their merchants set out, and among them was Abu Sufyan b. Harb with a large amount of silver, since this was the main part of their merchandise. They hired a man of Bakr b. Wa'il named Furat b. Hayyan to guide them along this route. The Messenger of God sent out Zayd b. Harithah, who met them at that watering place and captured the caravan and its goods, but was unable to take the men. He then brought the caravan to the Messenger of God.<br>
{{Quote|{{Tabari|7|p. 98}}|The reason for this expedition was the Quraysh said, ‘Muhammad has damaged our trade, and sits astride our road. If we stay in Mecca we will consume our capital.’ …The news of the caravan reached the Prophet, as did the information that it contained much wealth and silver vessels. Zayd therefore intercepted it and made himself master of their caravan. The fifth (khums) was twenty thousand dirhams; Allah’s Apostle took it and divided the other four fifths among the members of the raiding party. Furat was taken captive. They said to him. ‘If you accept Islam the Messenger will not kill you.’}}
Abu Ja'far (al-Tabari) says: As for al-Wagidi, he asserts that the reason for this expedition was that Quraysh said, "Muhammad has damaged our trade, and sits astride our road." Abu Sufyan and Safwan b. Umayyah then argued, "If we stay in Mecca we will consume our capital." Abu Zam'ah al-Aswad said, "I will show you a man who will guide you along the Najdi route; he would find his way if he followed it with his eyes shut." Safwan said, "Who is he? Our need for water is small , for winter is upon us." He said, "Furst b. Hayyan." They summoned him and hired him. He led them out, it being winter, and took them by Dhat 'Irq and then by Ghamrah. The news of the caravan reached the Prophet, as also the information that it contained much wealth and silver vessels which were being carried by Safwan b. Umayyah. Zayd b. Harithah therefore set out, intercepted the caravan, and made himself master of it, although the leading men escaped. The fifth (khums) was twenty thousand (dirhams); the Messenger of God took it and divided the other four fifths among the members of the expedition. Furst b. Hayyan al-'Ijli was taken captive. They said to him, "If you accept Islam, the Messenger of God will not kill you." When the Messenger of God summoned him to Islam, he accepted it, and was allowed to go free.}}


{{Quote|{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|trans_title=Sirat Rasul Allah|ISBN=0-19-636033-1|year=1955|publisher=Oxford UP|author1=Ibn Ishaq (d. 768)|author2=Ibn Hisham (d. 833)|editor=A. Guillaume|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up|page=395}}<br>{{citation|title=سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا|author1=ابن إسحاق|author2=ابن هشام|url=https://app.turath.io/book/23833|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol. 2|page=113}}|'We will cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieve,' i.e. that by which I was helping you against them because they associated with Me that for which I gave them no warrant; i.e. do not think that they will have the final victory over you, while you hold fast to Me and follow My commandment, because of the disaster which befell you through sins which you committed whereby you went against My commandment In disobedience and also disobeyed the prophet.}}
{{Quote|{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|trans_title=Sirat Rasul Allah|ISBN=0-19-636033-1|year=1955|publisher=Oxford UP|author1=Ibn Ishaq (d. 768)|author2=Ibn Hisham (d. 833)|editor=A. Guillaume|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up|page=395}}<br>{{citation|title=سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا|author1=ابن إسحاق|author2=ابن هشام|url=https://app.turath.io/book/23833|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol. 2|page=113}}|'We will cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieve,' i.e. that by which I was helping you against them because they associated with Me that for which I gave them no warrant; i.e. do not think that they will have the final victory over you, while you hold fast to Me and follow My commandment, because of the disaster which befell you through sins which you committed whereby you went against My commandment In disobedience and also disobeyed the prophet.}}
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{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||3|19|1618}}|Narrated Anas bin Malik: That '''the Prophet would not attack except near the time of Fajr, so if he heard the Adhan he would refrain, and if not, then he would attack.''' So he listened one day and heard a man saying: "Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar," so he said: "Upon the Fitrah." Then he said: "I bear witness that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah." So he said: "You have departed from the Fire."}}
{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||3|19|1618}}|Narrated Anas bin Malik: That '''the Prophet would not attack except near the time of Fajr, so if he heard the Adhan he would refrain, and if not, then he would attack.''' So he listened one day and heard a man saying: "Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar," so he said: "Upon the Fitrah." Then he said: "I bear witness that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah." So he said: "You have departed from the Fire."}}
{{Quote|{{Tabari|9|p. 123}}|Muhammad sent an expedition to Ghalib and to the land of the Banu Murrah. The raid on Amr and Abi was sent to the valley of Idam. Another by Aslami was sent to Ghabah. And Abd al-Rahman was ordered by the Messenger to lead an army to the seashore.}}
{{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. IX|ISBN=0-88706-691-7|year=1990|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor=Ismail K. Poonawala|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n2267/mode/2up|pages=122-123}}<br>{{citation|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك|author=أبو جعفر الطبري|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol. 3|page=157-158}}|(The report goes back to Abdallah b. Abi Bakr, who states:) The expedition of Ghalib b. `Abdallah al-Kalbi, the Kalb of Layth, to the land of the Band Murrah, in which Mirdas b. Nahik, an ally of theirs from al-Huraqah of Juhaynah, was killed by Usamah b. Zayd and a man of the Ansar. It is he about whom the Prophet said to Usamah, "Who will absolve you [from ignoring] the shahadah?" The expedition of 'Amr b. al-'As to Dhat al-Salasil; the expedition of Ibn Abi Hadrad and his companions to the valley of Idam; another expedition of Ibn Abi Hadrad al-Aslami to al-Ghabah; the expedition of 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Awf. The Messenger of God sent an army to the seashore commanded by Abu 'Ubaydah b. al-Jarrah, which was the expedition of al-Khabat.}}


{{Quote|{{Tabari|7|p. 11}}|In this year the Messenger entrusted to Sa’d a white war banner for the expedition to Kharrar. Sa’d said, ‘I set out on foot at the head of twenty men. We used to lie hidden by day and march at night, until we reached Kharrar on the fifth morning. The caravan had arrived in town a day before. There were sixty men with it.}}
{{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. VII|ISBN=0-88706-344-6|year=1987|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor1=W. Montgomery Watt|editor2=M. V. McDonald|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1805/mode/2up|page=11}}<br>{{citation|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك|author=أبو جعفر الطبري|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol. 2|page=403}}|Expedition Led by Sad b. Abu Waqqas:<br>
In this year, in Dhu al-Qa'dah, the Messenger of God entrusted to Sa'd b. Abi Waggas a white banner (for an expedition) to al-Kharrar. It was carried by al-Miqdad b. 'Amr.<br>
According to Abu Bakr b. Ismail-his father-'Amir b. Sa'd-his father: I set out on foot at the head of twenty men (or, twenty-one men). We used to lie hidden by day and march at night, until we reached al-Kharrar on the fifth morning. The Messenger of God had enjoined me not to go beyond al-Kharrar, but the caravan had got to al-Kharrar a day before me; there were sixty men with it. Those who were with Sa'd were all from the Emigrants.<br>
According to Abu Ja'far (al-Tabari): Ibn Ishaq's account of all these expeditions differs from that of al-Waqidi, which I have just related, and places them all in year 2.}}


{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|59|569}}|Narrated Salama bin Al-Akwa: I fought in seven Ghazwat (i.e. battles) along with the Prophet and fought in nine battles, fought by armies dispatched by the Prophet. Once Abu Bakr was our commander and at another time, Usama was our commander.<BR><BR>Narrated Salama in another narration: I fought seven Ghazwat (i.e. battles) along with the Prophet and also fought in nine battles, fought by armies sent by the Prophet. Once Abu Bakr was our commander and another time, Usama was (our commander).}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|59|569}}|Narrated Salama bin Al-Akwa: I fought in seven Ghazwat (i.e. battles) along with the Prophet and fought in nine battles, fought by armies dispatched by the Prophet. Once Abu Bakr was our commander and at another time, Usama was our commander.<BR><BR>Narrated Salama in another narration: I fought seven Ghazwat (i.e. battles) along with the Prophet and also fought in nine battles, fought by armies sent by the Prophet. Once Abu Bakr was our commander and another time, Usama was (our commander).}}
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:On the days of Dhu Qarad they were given the faces of slaves.}}
:On the days of Dhu Qarad they were given the faces of slaves.}}


{{Quote|{{Tabari|7|p. 19}}|They hesitated and were afraid to advance, but then they plucked up courage and agreed to kill as many as they could and to seize what they had with them. Waqid shot an arrow at Amr and killed him. Uthman and al-Hakam surrendered. Then Waqid and his companions took the caravan and the captives back to Allah’s Apostle in Medina. This was the first booty taken by the Companions of Muhammad.}}
{{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. VII|ISBN=0-88706-344-6|year=1987|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor1=W. Montgomery Watt|editor2=M. V. McDonald|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1805/mode/2up|page=19}}<br>{{citation|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك|author=أبو جعفر الطبري|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol. 2|page=412}}<br>See also: Ishaq 287|They hesitated and were afraid to advance upon them, but then they plucked up courage and agreed to kill as many of them as they could and to seize what they had with them. Waqid b. 'Abd Allah al-Tamimi shot an arrow at 'Amr b. al-Hadrami and killed him, and 'Uthman b. 'Abd Allah and al-Hakam b. Kaysan surrendered, but Nawfal b. 'Abd Allah escaped and they were unable to catch him. Then 'Abd Allah b. Jahsh and his companions took the caravan and the two captives back to the Messenger of God in Medina.<br>
 
Questions After the Return to Medina:<br>
{{Quote|{{Tabari|7|p. 20}}|Abd Allah told his Companions, ‘A fifth of the booty we have taken belongs to the Apostle.’ This was before Allah made surrendering a fifth of the booty taken a requirement.|See Also Ishaq 287}}
Some of the family of 'Abd Allah b. Jahsh relate that he said to his companions, "The Messenger of God receives a fifth of the booty you have taken." This was before God made (surrendering) a fifth of booty taken a duty.", He set aside a fifth of the booty for the Messenger of God and divided the rest between his companions. When they reached the Messenger of God he said, "I did not order you to fight in the sacred month," and he impounded the caravan and the two captives and refused to take anything of it.}}


{{Quote|{{Tabari|7|p. 38}}|I have been informed by authorities that Muhammad set out on 3 Ramadhan at the head of 310 of his companions. The war banner of the Messenger was carried by Ali. The banner of the Ansar was carried by Sa’d.}}
{{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. VII|ISBN=0-88706-344-6|year=1987|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor1=W. Montgomery Watt|editor2=M. V. McDonald|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1805/mode/2up|pages=38-39}}<br>{{citation|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك|author=أبو جعفر الطبري|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol. 2|pages=431-432}}|The Number of Muslims at Badr:<br>
According to Abu Ja'far (al-Tabari): The Messenger of God went out, as I have been informed by authorities other than Ibn Ishaq, on 3 Ramadan (February 28, 624) at the head of over three hundred and ten of his companions. There is a difference of opinion as to how many more than (three hundred and) ten there were. Some say there were three hundred and thirteen men.<br>
Those who say this.<br>
According to Abu Kurayb--Abu Bakr b. 'Ayyash--Abu Ishaqal--Bara': We used to relate that the people of Badr on the day of Badr were like the number of people of Saul, three hundred men and thirteen men who crossed the river. The account ends at this point.<br>
According to Muhammad b. `Ubayd al-Muharibi--Abu Malik al--Janbi-al-Hajjaj--al-Hakam--Miqsam--a `Abbas: The Emigrants on the day of Badr were seventy-seven men, and the Ansar were two hundred and thirty-six men. The banner of the Messenger of God was carried by 'Ali b. Abi Talib and the banner of the Ansar was carried by Sa'd b. `Ubadah.<br>
According to Ibn Humayd-Salamah-Ibn Ishaq: Those who were present, took part in it, and reaped its reward were three hundred and fourteen men.<br>
According to others: They were three hundred and eighteen.<br>
Still others claim they were three hundred and seven. As for most of the early scholars, they (merely) say that there were over three hundred and ten men.}}


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