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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jizyah: Difference between revisions
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The jizya is the protection tax to be paid by the conquered people in [[dhimmitude]], representing both the protection from [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jihad|jihad]] and the submission to [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude|dhimmitude]]. The jizya (and its associated land tax the kharaaj) is the payment to the Muslim state for ceasing the state of jihad upon the protected people. It is both to be a humiliation of the dhimmi but also a protection; historically dhimmis in Muslim lands were required by law to keep receipt of payment of the jizya on their person while travelling. The Qur'an specifies that the dhimmi is to pay the tax while being "humiliated" (صاغرين), which was inter alia interpreted by the scholars as requiring that the dhimmi suffers blows to his body and neck while in the process of paying the tax. Historically the pressure of the jizya on the dhimmi populations encouraged mass conversion to Islam to escape it, which is in large part how the Muslim countries came to have their Muslim majority populations. | |||
==Qur'an== | ==Qur'an== | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|29}}|Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, '''until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.'''}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|9|29}}|Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, '''until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.'''}} | ||
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==Sirah== | ==Sirah== | ||
=== | ===Ibn Kathir=== | ||
This narration describes jizya as a compensation for the loss of revenue when Muhammad banned Arab polytheists from visiting the Kaaba. | |||
{{Quote| | {{Quote|Ibn Kathir. ''Al Sira Al Nabawiyya (The Life Of The Prophet Muhamamd)''. "The Year 9 AH" vol. IV p. 1. Translated by Trevor Le Gassick. Garnet Publishing (Reading, UK). 2000.|It is related from Ibn 'Abbas, Mujahid, Iqkrima, Sa'id b. ]ubayr, Qatada, al-Dahhak and others that when God Almighty decreed that the polytheists should be prevented from approaching the Sacred Mosque, whether in the pilgrimage or at other times, that Quraysh said they would be deprived of the commercial activity that took place during the pilgrimage, and that they would therefore suffer financial loss. And so God compensated them for that by ordering them to battle the people of the scriptures so that they either accepted Islam or paid the jizya tax ''an yadin'', "being in a state of submission".}} | ||
===Al Tabari=== | |||
{{Quote|{{Tabari| | {{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. IX|ISBN=0-88706-691-7|year=1990|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor=Ismail K. Poonawala|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n2267/mode/2up|page=87}} | ||
|He who holds fast to his religion, Judaism or Christianity, is not to be tempted from it. It is incumbent on them to pay the jizyah protection tax. For every adult, male or female, free or slave, one full denarius, or its value in al-ma'afir [fine cloth]. He who pays that to the Messenger has the protection of Allah and His Messenger, and he who holds back from it is the enemy of Allah and His Messenger.}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Tabari| | {{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. XI|ISBN=0-7914-0851-5|year=1993|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor=Khalid Yahya Blankinship|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_20_Vol|page=4}}|"I call you to God and to Islam. If you respond to the call, then you are Muslims: You obtain the benefits they enjoy and take up the responsibilities they bear. If you refuse, then you must pay the jizyah. If you refuse the jizyah, I will bring against you tribes of people who are more eager for death than you are for life. We will then fight you until God decides between us and you."}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Tabari| | {{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. XII|ISBN=0-7914-0733-0|year=1992|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor=Yohanan Friedmann|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_20_Vol/page/n300/mode/2up|page=167}} | ||
|Summon the people to God; those who respond to your call, accept it from them, but those who refuse must pay the poll tax out of humiliation and lowliness. If they refuse this, it is the sword without leniency. Fear God with regard to what you have been entrusted.}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Tabari| | {{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. IX|ISBN=0-88706-691-7|year=1990|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor=Ismail K. Poonawala|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n2267/mode/2up|page=76}} | ||
|The Messenger has sent Zur'ah and his Companions to you. ‘I commend them to your care. Collect the zakat and jizyah from your districts and hand the money over to my messengers.' The Prophet is the master of your rich and your poor.}}{{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. IX|ISBN=0-88706-691-7|year=1990|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor=Ismail K. Poonawala|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n2267/mode/2up|page=39}} | |||
{{citation|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك|author=أبو جعفر الطبري|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol. 3|page=95}} | |||
|They allowed 'Amr b. al-'As to collect the alms (without interference), and so he collected it [only] from the rich and returned [what he took] to the poor. He collected the poll tax (jizyah) from the Zoroastrians (al-Majus) who were indigenous to that region, while the Arabs lived in thesurrounding countryside. | |||
}} | |||
The dhimmis posture during the collection of the jizyah: | The dhimmis posture during the collection of the jizyah: | ||
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{{Quote|Al-Ghazali (1101)|...the dhimmi is obliged not to mention Allah or His Apostle…Jews, Christians, and Majians must pay the jizya …on offering up the jizya, the dhimmi must hang his head while the official takes hold of his beard and hits [the dhimmi] on the protruberant bone beneath his ear [i.e., the mandible]...<ref>Al-Ghazali (d. 1111). Kitab al-Wagiz fi fiqh madhab al-imam al-Safi’i, Beirut, 1979, pp. 186, 190-91; 199-200; 202-203. [English translation by Dr. Michael Schub.]</ref>}} | {{Quote|Al-Ghazali (1101)|...the dhimmi is obliged not to mention Allah or His Apostle…Jews, Christians, and Majians must pay the jizya …on offering up the jizya, the dhimmi must hang his head while the official takes hold of his beard and hits [the dhimmi] on the protruberant bone beneath his ear [i.e., the mandible]...<ref>Al-Ghazali (d. 1111). Kitab al-Wagiz fi fiqh madhab al-imam al-Safi’i, Beirut, 1979, pp. 186, 190-91; 199-200; 202-203. [English translation by Dr. Michael Schub.]</ref>}} | ||
{{Quote|Al-Nawawi (Translated by E.C. Howard) (2005). ''Minhaj at talibin: a manual of Muhammadan law''. Adam Publishers. pp. 337–8. ISBN 978-81-7435-249-1|Our school (Shafi'i) insists upon the payment of the poll-tax by sickly persons, old men, even if decrepit, blind men, monks, workmen, and poor persons incapable of exercising a trade.<ref>These categories of non-Muslims are exempted from paying jizya according to other Sunni schools of thought.</ref> As for people who seem to be insolvent at the end of the year, the sum of the poll tax remained as debt to their account until they should become solvent."}} | |||
===Modern Views=== | ===Modern Views=== | ||
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{{Quote||Thou hast to accept Islam, or pay the tax, and obey God and His Messenger and the messengers of His Messenger, and do them honor and dress them in fine clothing, not in the raiment of raiders…for if you satisfy my envoys you will satisfy me. Surely the tax is known to you. Therefore if you wish to be secure on land and on sea, obey God and His Messenger…But be careful lest thou do not satisfy…for then I shall not accept anything from you, but I shall fight you and take the young as captives and slay the elderly…Come then, before a calamity befalls you...<ref>Gil, Moshe. A History of Palestine: 634-1099, Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 28.</ref>}} | {{Quote||Thou hast to accept Islam, or pay the tax, and obey God and His Messenger and the messengers of His Messenger, and do them honor and dress them in fine clothing, not in the raiment of raiders…for if you satisfy my envoys you will satisfy me. Surely the tax is known to you. Therefore if you wish to be secure on land and on sea, obey God and His Messenger…But be careful lest thou do not satisfy…for then I shall not accept anything from you, but I shall fight you and take the young as captives and slay the elderly…Come then, before a calamity befalls you...<ref>Gil, Moshe. A History of Palestine: 634-1099, Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 28.</ref>}} | ||
{{ | ==Shia hadith== | ||
{{Quote| ''Al-Kafi'', vol. 8, p. 227; ''Ithbat al-Hudah'', vol. 3, p. 450; Mir’ah al-Uqul, vol. 26, p. 160; Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 52, p. 375|Imam al-Baqir said: “During the uprising of Hadrat al-Qa’im (the Mahdi), he will present the faith to each of the Nasibis (Muslim enemies of Shias). If they accept the truth, he would release them. He will behead anyone who would not accept the faith, or ask him to pay the jizyah just as what they collect from the Ahl adh-Dhimmah, and he will banish him in remote villages and small towns.”}} | |||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
{{Hub4|Jizyah|Jizyah}} | {{Hub4|Jizyah|Jizyah}} | ||
== References == | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
[[Category:QHS]] | [[Category:QHS]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Dhimma]] | ||
[[Category:Islamic Law]] | [[Category:Shariah (Islamic Law)]] | ||
[[Category:People of the Book]] | [[Category:People of the Book]] | ||
[[Category:Human rights]] | |||
[[Category:Islamic finance]] | |||