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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Friendship with Non-Muslims: Difference between revisions
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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Friendship with Non-Muslims (view source)
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The Qur'an is very explicit that the believers should not take infidels as friends and protectors. The [[hadith]] portrays Muhammad as being skeptical of inter-faith friendships, and the scholars are very vocal insisting that Muslims only engage with non-Muslims so far as is necessary for everyday life and to call them to Islam. Overall, the tradition encourages Muslims to keep to themselves and avoid entanglements with non-believers, be they atheist, polytheist, Christian or Jew. | |||
==Qur'an== | ==Qur'an== | ||
===Do not take non-Muslims as intimate friends or guardians / allies=== | ===Do not take non-Muslims as intimate friends or guardians / allies=== | ||
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{{Quote|{{Quran|3|28}}|Let not believers take disbelievers as allies [awliyaa] rather than believers. And whoever [of you] does that has nothing with Allah, except when taking precaution against them in prudence. And Allah warns you of Himself, and to Allah is the [final] destination.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|3|28}}|Let not believers take disbelievers as allies [awliyaa] rather than believers. And whoever [of you] does that has nothing with Allah, except when taking precaution against them in prudence. And Allah warns you of Himself, and to Allah is the [final] destination.}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|3|118}}|O ye who believe! Take not for intimates [bitanatan] others than your own folk, who would spare no pains to ruin you; they love to hamper you. Hatred is revealed by (the utterance of) their mouths, but that which their breasts hide is greater. We have made plain for you the revelations if ye will understand.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|3|118}}|O ye who believe! Take not for intimates [[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000258.pdf bitanatan]] others than your own folk, who would spare no pains to ruin you; they love to hamper you. Hatred is revealed by (the utterance of) their mouths, but that which their breasts hide is greater. We have made plain for you the revelations if ye will understand.}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|4|139}}|Those who chose disbelievers for their friends [awliyaa] instead of believers! Do they look for power at their hands? Lo! all power appertaineth to Allah.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|4|139}}|Those who chose disbelievers for their friends [awliyaa] instead of believers! Do they look for power at their hands? Lo! all power appertaineth to Allah.}} | ||
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{{Quote|{{Quran|5|51}}|O ye who believe! take not the Jews and the Christians for your friends and protectors [awliyaa]: They are but friends and protectors to each other. And he amongst you that turns to them (for friendship) is of them. Verily Allah guideth not a people unjust.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|5|51}}|O ye who believe! take not the Jews and the Christians for your friends and protectors [awliyaa]: They are but friends and protectors to each other. And he amongst you that turns to them (for friendship) is of them. Verily Allah guideth not a people unjust.}} | ||
A later verse in the same surah is more concilliatory regarding Christians, though not towards Jews and idolaters. | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran|5|82}}|Thou wilt find the most vehement of mankind in hostility to those who believe (to be) the Jews and the idolaters. And thou wilt find the nearest of them in affection [[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000185.pdf mawaddatan]]>to those who believe (to be) those who say: Lo! We are Christians. That is because there are among them priests and monks, and because they are not proud}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran|5|57}}|O Ye who believe! Choose not for guardians [awliyaa] such of those who received the Scripture before you, and of the disbelievers, as make a jest and sport of your religion. But keep your duty to Allah if ye are true believers.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|5|57}}|O Ye who believe! Choose not for guardians [awliyaa] such of those who received the Scripture before you, and of the disbelievers, as make a jest and sport of your religion. But keep your duty to Allah if ye are true believers.}} | ||
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{{Quote|{{Quran|6|70}}|Leave alone [dhari] those who take their religion to be mere play and amusement, and are deceived by the life of this world. But proclaim (to them) this (truth): that every soul delivers itself to ruin by its own acts: it will find for itself no protector or intercessor except Allah: if it offered every ransom, (or reparation), none will be accepted: such is (the end of) those who deliver themselves to ruin by their own acts: they will have for drink (only) boiling water, and for punishment, one most grievous: for they persisted in rejecting Allah.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|6|70}}|Leave alone [dhari] those who take their religion to be mere play and amusement, and are deceived by the life of this world. But proclaim (to them) this (truth): that every soul delivers itself to ruin by its own acts: it will find for itself no protector or intercessor except Allah: if it offered every ransom, (or reparation), none will be accepted: such is (the end of) those who deliver themselves to ruin by their own acts: they will have for drink (only) boiling water, and for punishment, one most grievous: for they persisted in rejecting Allah.}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|28|86}}| | {{Quote|{{Quran|28|86}}| Thou hadst no hope that the Scripture would be inspired in thee; but it is a mercy from thy Lord, so never be a helper [thaheeran] to the disbelievers.}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|60|4 | {{Quote|{{Quran-range|60|4|5}}|'''There is for you an excellent example (to follow) in Abraham''' and those with him, when they said to their people: "We are clear of you and of whatever ye worship besides Allah: '''we have rejected you, and there has arisen, between us and you, enmity and hatred for ever,- unless ye believe in Allah and Him alone"''': But not when Abraham said to his father: "I will pray for forgiveness for thee, though I have no power (to get) aught on thy behalf from Allah." (They prayed): "Our Lord! in Thee do we trust, and to Thee do we turn in repentance: to Thee is (our) Final Goal. "Our Lord! Make us not a (test and) trial for the Unbelievers, but forgive us, our Lord! for Thou art the Exalted in Might, the Wise."}} | ||
===Muhammad softens his stance before the conquest of Mecca: Do not take guardians / allies from those who made war on you for religion and drove you out=== | ===Muhammad softens his stance before the conquest of Mecca: Do not take guardians / allies from those who made war on you for religion and drove you out=== | ||
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The tafsirs say that verse 60:7 was uttered ahead of the conquest of Mecca because the previous verses were hard for the Muslims, telling them to disown their own relatives in Mecca, even their children in verse 60:3. Regarding verse 60:8, ibn Kathir cites hadiths that it came after Asma' bint Abu Bakr rejected her idolatress mother when she tried to visit her in Medina, and 'A'isha asked Muhammad's opinion on this. | The tafsirs say that verse 60:7 was uttered ahead of the conquest of Mecca because the previous verses were hard for the Muslims, telling them to disown their own relatives in Mecca, even their children in verse 60:3. Regarding verse 60:8, ibn Kathir cites hadiths that it came after Asma' bint Abu Bakr rejected her idolatress mother when she tried to visit her in Medina, and 'A'isha asked Muhammad's opinion on this. | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|60|7|9}}|It may be that Allah will ordain love [mawaddatan] between you and those of them with whom ye are at enmity. Allah is Mighty, and Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. Allah forbiddeth you not those who warred not against you on account of religion and drove you not out from your homes, that ye should show them kindness and deal justly with them. Lo! Allah loveth the just dealers. Allah forbiddeth you only those who warred against you on account of religion and have driven you out from your homes and helped to drive you out, that ye make friends of them [tawallawhum]. Whosoever maketh friends of them - (All) such are wrong-doers.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran-range|60|7|9}}|It may be that Allah will ordain love [[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000185.pdf mawaddatan]] between you and those of them with whom ye are at enmity. Allah is Mighty, and Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. Allah forbiddeth you not those who warred not against you on account of religion and drove you not out from your homes, that ye should show them kindness and deal justly with them. Lo! Allah loveth the just dealers. Allah forbiddeth you only those who warred against you on account of religion and have driven you out from your homes and helped to drive you out, that ye make friends of them [tawallawhum]. Whosoever maketh friends of them - (All) such are wrong-doers.}} | ||
===Do not take your non-Muslim family members as guardians / allies, and disassociate from them and do not love them if they are enemies of Allah=== | ===Do not take your non-Muslim family members as guardians / allies, and disassociate from them and do not love them if they are enemies of Allah=== | ||
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(see also 60:4 above, where it says Abraham is a good example to follow). | (see also 60:4 above, where it says Abraham is a good example to follow). | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|58|22}}|Thou wilt not find folk who believe in Allah and the Last Day loving [yuwaddoona] those who oppose Allah and His messenger, even though they be their fathers or their sons or their brethren or their clan. As for such, He hath written faith upon their hearts and hath strengthened them with a Spirit from Him, and He will bring them into Gardens underneath which rivers flow, wherein they will abide. Allah is well pleased with them, and they are well pleased with Him. They are Allah's party. Lo! is it not Allah's party who are the successful?}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|58|22}}|Thou wilt not find folk who believe in Allah and the Last Day loving [[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000185.pdf yuwaddoona]] those who oppose Allah and His messenger, even though they be their fathers or their sons or their brethren or their clan. As for such, He hath written faith upon their hearts and hath strengthened them with a Spirit from Him, and He will bring them into Gardens underneath which rivers flow, wherein they will abide. Allah is well pleased with them, and they are well pleased with Him. They are Allah's party. Lo! is it not Allah's party who are the successful?}} | ||
==Hadith== | ==Hadith== | ||
===Only pious Muslims where Muhammad's friends=== | ===Only pious Muslims where Muhammad's friends=== | ||
{{Quote|{{Muslim|1|417}}|'Amr b. 'As reported: I heard it from the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) quite audibly and not secretly: Behold! the posterity of my fathers, that is, so and so, are not my friends. Verily Allah and the pious believers are my friends.}} | {{Quote|{{Muslim|1|417}}|'Amr b. 'As reported: I heard it from the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) quite audibly and not secretly: Behold! the posterity of my fathers, that is, so and so, are not my friends. Verily Allah and the pious believers are my friends.[awliya]}} | ||
===Using the Qur'an, Umar kicked a Christian out of Medina=== | ===Using the Qur'an, Umar kicked a Christian out of Medina=== | ||
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===A man follows the religion of his friend=== | ===A man follows the religion of his friend=== | ||
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|41|4815}}|Narrated AbuHurayrah: | |||
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: A man follows the religion of his friend [Khalil]; so each one should consider whom he makes his friend.[Khalil]}} | |||
===Only stay with Muslims=== | ===Only stay with Muslims=== | ||
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|41|4814 | {{Quote|{{Abudawud|41|4814}}|Narrated AbuSa'id al-Khudri: | ||
The Prophet ( | The Prophet (ﷺ) said: Associate only with a believer, and let only a God-fearing man eat your meals. | ||
}} | |||
===Whoever joins a polytheist is like him=== | ===Whoever joins a polytheist is like him=== | ||
{{Quote| | {{Quote|{{Abudawud|14|2781}}|Narrated Samurah ibn Jundub: | ||
To proceed, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: Anyone who associates with a polytheist and lives with him is like him. | |||
}} | |||
==Sirah== | |||
===Muhammad was sent to stop friendship with Jews=== | ===Muhammad was sent to stop friendship with Jews=== | ||
{{Quote|Ibn Ishaq | {{Quote|{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|trans_title=Sirat Rasul Allah|ISBN=0-19-636033-1|year=1955|publisher=Oxford UP|author1=Ibn Ishaq (d. 768)|author2=Ibn Hisham (d. 833)|editor=A. Guillaume|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up|page=262-263}}<BR>{{citation|title=سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا|author1=ابن إسحاق|author2=ابن هشام|url=https://app.turath.io/book/23833|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol.1 |page=558}} | ||
|Some Muslims remained friends with the Jews because of the ties of mutual protection and alliance which had subsisted between them, so God sent down concerning them and forbidding them to take them as intimate friends: 'O you who believe, do not choose those outside your community as intimate friends. They will spare no pains to corrupt you longing for your ruin. From their mouths hatred has already shown itself and what their breasts conceal is greater. We have made the signs plain to you if you will understand. Behold you love them but they love not you and you believe in the book--all of it, i.e. you believe in their book and in the books that were before that while they deny your book, so that you have more right to hate them than they to hate you. 'And when they meet you they say, we believe and when they go apart they bite their fingers against you in rage. Say, Die in your rage'}} | |||
==Scholars== | ==Scholars== | ||
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===Ibn Kathir=== | ===Ibn Kathir=== | ||
{{Quote|1= | {{Quote|1=Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=Allah forbids His believing servants from having Jews and Christians as friends, because they are the enemies of Islam and its people, may Allah curse them. Allah then states that they are friends of each other and He gives a warning threat to those who do this"}} | ||
{{Quote|1= | {{Quote|1=Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=Allah prohibited His believing servants from becoming supporters of the disbelievers, or to take them as comrades with whom they develop friendships, rather than the believers. <BR>. . .<BR> | ||
Allah said next, (unless you indeed fear a danger from them) meaning, except those believers who in some areas or times fear for their safety from the disbelievers. In this case, '''such believers are allowed to show friendship to the disbelievers outwardly, but never inwardly'''. For instance, Al-Bukhari recorded that Abu Ad-Darda' said, "We smile in the face of some people although our hearts curse them.'' Al-Bukhari said that Al-Hasan said, "The Tuqyah is allowed until the Day of Resurrection.''}} | Allah said next, (unless you indeed fear a danger from them) meaning, except those believers who in some areas or times fear for their safety from the disbelievers. In this case, '''such believers are allowed to show friendship to the disbelievers outwardly, but never inwardly'''. For instance, Al-Bukhari recorded that Abu Ad-Darda' said, "We smile in the face of some people although our hearts curse them.'' Al-Bukhari said that Al-Hasan said, "The Tuqyah is allowed until the Day of Resurrection.''}} | ||
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==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
[[Category:QHS]] | [[Category:QHS]] | ||
[[Category:Kafir (infidel)]] | |||
[[Category:People of the Book]] | |||