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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimma: Difference between revisions
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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimma (view source)
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==Preferential Treatment of Muslims== | ==Preferential Treatment of Muslims== | ||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|9|83|50}}|Narrated Abu Juhaifa: | |||
I asked 'Ali "Do you have anything Divine literature besides what is in the Qur'an?" Or, as Uyaina once said, "Apart from what the people have?" 'Ali said, "By Him Who made the grain split (germinate) and created the soul, we have nothing except what is in the Quran and the ability (gift) of understanding Allah's Book which He may endow a man, with and what is written in this sheet of paper." I asked, "What is on this paper?" He replied, "The legal regulations of Diya (Blood-money) and the (ransom for) releasing of the captives, and the judgment that '''no Muslim should be killed in Qisas (equality in punishment) for killing a Kafir (disbeliever)'''."}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|3|111}}|Narrated Ash-Sha'bi: | |||
Abu Juhaifa said, "I asked Ali, 'Have you got any book (which has been revealed to the Prophet apart from the Qur'an)?' 'Ali replied, 'No, except Allah's Book or the power of understanding which has been bestowed (by Allah) upon a Muslim or what is (written) in this sheet of paper (with me).' Abu Juhaifa said, "I asked, 'What is (written) in this sheet of paper?' Ali replied, it deals with The Diyya (compensation (blood money) paid by the killer to the relatives of the victim), the ransom for the releasing of the captives from the hands of the enemies, and the law that '''no Muslim should be killed in Qisas (equality in punishment) for the killing of (a disbeliever)'''.}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|283}}|Narrated Abu Juhaifa: | |||
I asked Ali, "Do you have the knowledge of any Divine Inspiration besides what is in Allah's Book?" 'Ali replied, "No, by Him Who splits the grain of corn and creates the soul. I don't think we have such knowledge, but we have the ability of understanding which Allah may endow a person with, so that he may understand the Qur'an, and we have what is written in this paper as well." I asked, "What is written in this paper?" He replied, "(The regulations of) blood-money, the freeing of captives, and the judgment that '''no Muslim should be killed for killing an infidel'''."}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|39|4515}}|Narrated Ali ibn AbuTalib: Qays ibn Abbad and Ashtar went to Ali and said to him: Did the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) give you any instruction about anything for which he did not give any instruction to the people in general? He said: No, except what is contained in this document of mine. Musaddad said: He then took out a document. Ahmad said: A document from the sheath of his sword. It contained: The lives of all Muslims are equal; they are one hand against others; the lowliest of them can guarantee their protection. Beware, '''a Muslim must not be killed for an infidel,''' nor must one who has been given a covenant be killed while his covenant holds. If anyone introduces an innovation, he will be responsible for it. If anyone introduces an innovation or gives shelter to a man who introduces an innovation (in religion), he is cursed by Allah, by His angels, and by all the people. Musaddad said: Ibn AbuUrubah's version has: He took out a document.}} | {{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|39|4515}}|Narrated Ali ibn AbuTalib: Qays ibn Abbad and Ashtar went to Ali and said to him: Did the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) give you any instruction about anything for which he did not give any instruction to the people in general? He said: No, except what is contained in this document of mine. Musaddad said: He then took out a document. Ahmad said: A document from the sheath of his sword. It contained: The lives of all Muslims are equal; they are one hand against others; the lowliest of them can guarantee their protection. Beware, '''a Muslim must not be killed for an infidel,''' nor must one who has been given a covenant be killed while his covenant holds. If anyone introduces an innovation, he will be responsible for it. If anyone introduces an innovation or gives shelter to a man who introduces an innovation (in religion), he is cursed by Allah, by His angels, and by all the people. Musaddad said: Ibn AbuUrubah's version has: He took out a document.}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|39|4527}}|Narrated Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-'As: The value of the blood-money at the time of the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) was eight hundred dinars or eight thousand dirhams, and the blood-money for the people of the Book was half of that for Muslims. He said: This applied till Umar (Allah be pleased with him) became caliph and he made a speech in which he said: Take note! Camels have become dear. So Umar fixed the value for those who possessed gold at one thousand dinars, for those who possessed silver at twelve thousand (dirhams), for those who possessed cattle at two hundred cows, for those who possessed sheep at two thousand sheep, and for those who possessed suits of clothing at two hundred suits. He left the blood-money for dhimmis (protected people) as it was, not raising it in proportion to the increase he made in the blood-wit.}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|39|4527}}|Narrated Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-'As: '''The value of the blood-money at the time of the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) was eight hundred dinars or eight thousand dirhams, and the blood-money for the people of the Book was half of that for Muslims'''. He said: This applied till Umar (Allah be pleased with him) became caliph and he made a speech in which he said: Take note! Camels have become dear. So Umar fixed the value for those who possessed gold at one thousand dinars, for those who possessed silver at twelve thousand (dirhams), for those who possessed cattle at two hundred cows, for those who possessed sheep at two thousand sheep, and for those who possessed suits of clothing at two hundred suits. He left the blood-money for dhimmis (protected people) as it was, not raising it in proportion to the increase he made in the blood-wit.}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|20|3224}}|Narrated Bashir, the Client of the Apostle of Allah: Bashir's name in pre-Islamic days was Zahm ibn Ma'bad. When he migrated to the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him). He asked: What is your name? He replied: Zahm. He said: No, you are Bashir. He (Bashir) said: When I was walking with the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) he passed by the graves of the polytheists. He said: They lived before (a period of) abundant good. He said this three times. He then passed by the graves of Muslims. He said: They received abundant good. The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) suddenly saw a man walking in shoes between the graves. He said: O man, wearing the shoes! Woe to thee! Take off thy shoes. So the man looked (round), When he recognized the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him), he took them off and threw them away.|See Also {{Abu Dawud|20|3225}}}} | {{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|20|3224}}|Narrated Bashir, the Client of the Apostle of Allah: Bashir's name in pre-Islamic days was Zahm ibn Ma'bad. When he migrated to the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him). He asked: What is your name? He replied: Zahm. He said: No, you are Bashir. He (Bashir) said: When I was walking with the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) he passed by the graves of the polytheists. He said: They lived before (a period of) abundant good. He said this three times. He then passed by the graves of Muslims. He said: They received abundant good. The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) suddenly saw a man walking in shoes between the graves. He said: O man, wearing the shoes! Woe to thee! Take off thy shoes. So the man looked (round), When he recognized the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him), he took them off and threw them away.|See Also {{Abu Dawud|20|3225}}}} | ||
{{Quote|{{cite web quotebox|url= http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=92261 |title= Killing a Muslim in punishment for killing a non-Muslim|publisher= Islamweb |series= Fatwa No.92261|author= |date= August 1, 2006|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamweb.net%2Femainpage%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dshowfatwa%26Option%3DFatwaId%26Id%3D92261+&date=2013-10-26|deadurl=no}}|First of all, you should know that '''a Muslim should not be killed for killing a belligerent non-Muslim according to the consensus of the scholars may Allaah have mercy upon them. According to the view of the majority of the scholars may Allaah have mercy upon them a Muslim should not be killed against a free non-Muslim under the Muslim rule.''' The evidence about this is the saying of the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ): | |||
"A Muslim should not be killed for killing a non-Muslim." [At-Tirmithi] | |||
Moreover, according to the view of the majority of the scholars may Allaah have mercy upon them the title (and rulings) “disbeliever” is applicable to a free non-Muslim under the Muslim rule. However, Abu Haneefah, and the scholars of his School of jurisprudence may Allaah have mercy upon them are of the view that a Muslim should be killed for killing a free non-Muslim under Muslim rule; their evidence is the two verses which the questioner mentioned. | |||
Nonetheless, '''the correct opinion is that of the majority of the scholars may Allaah have mercy upon them that is based on the above Prophetic narration, which is a direct proof related to the case of dispute'''. | |||
Allaah Knows best.}} | |||
==Jizya Tax == | ==Jizya Tax == | ||
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|288}}|Narrated Said bin Jubair: Ibn 'Abbas said, "Thursday! What (great thing) took place on Thursday!" Then he started weeping till his tears wetted the gravels of the ground . Then he said, "On Thursday the illness of Allah's Apostle was aggravated and he said, "Fetch me writing materials so that I may have something written to you after which you will never go astray." The people (present there) differed in this matter and people should not differ before a prophet. They said, "Allah's Apostle is seriously sick.' The Prophet said, "Let me alone, as the state in which I am now, is better than what you are calling me for." The Prophet on his death-bed, gave three orders saying, "'''Expel the pagans from the Arabian Peninsula''', respect and give gifts to the foreign delegates as you have seen me dealing with them." I forgot the third (order)" (Ya'qub bin Muhammad said, "I asked Al-Mughira bin 'Abdur-Rahman about the Arabian Peninsula and he said, 'It comprises Mecca, Medina, Al-Yama-ma and Yemen." Ya'qub added, "And Al-Arj, the beginning of Tihama.")}} | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|288}}|Narrated Said bin Jubair: Ibn 'Abbas said, "Thursday! What (great thing) took place on Thursday!" Then he started weeping till his tears wetted the gravels of the ground . Then he said, "On Thursday the illness of Allah's Apostle was aggravated and he said, "Fetch me writing materials so that I may have something written to you after which you will never go astray." The people (present there) differed in this matter and people should not differ before a prophet. They said, "Allah's Apostle is seriously sick.' The Prophet said, "Let me alone, as the state in which I am now, is better than what you are calling me for." The Prophet on his death-bed, gave three orders saying, "'''Expel the pagans from the Arabian Peninsula''', respect and give gifts to the foreign delegates as you have seen me dealing with them." I forgot the third (order)" (Ya'qub bin Muhammad said, "I asked Al-Mughira bin 'Abdur-Rahman about the Arabian Peninsula and he said, 'It comprises Mecca, Medina, Al-Yama-ma and Yemen." Ya'qub added, "And Al-Arj, the beginning of Tihama.")}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Muslim|19|4366}}|It has been narrated by 'Umar b. al-Khattib that he heard the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) say: '''I will expel the Jews and Christians from the Arabian Peninsula and will not leave any but Muslim.'''}} | {{Quote|{{Muslim|19|4366}}|It has been narrated by 'Umar b. al-Khattib that he heard the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) say: '''I will expel the Jews and Christians from the Arabian Peninsula and will not leave any but Muslim.'''}} | ||
'''Abu Dawud Volume 2 Number 2999:''' Mohammed expelled every Jew living in Medina. | '''Abu Dawud Volume 2 Number 2999:''' Mohammed expelled every Jew living in Medina. | ||
{{Quote|{{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud/20/78 |title=Sunan Abu Dawud: Book 20 Hadith 78 (Hadith 2999 in English) |publisher= |author= |date= |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140708220628/http://sunnah.com/abudawud/20/78 |deadurl=no}} |Ibn ‘Umar said “The Jews Al Nadir and Quraizah fought with the Apostle of Allaah, so the Apostle of Allaah expelled Banu Al Nadir and allowed the Quraizah to stay and favored them. The Quraizah thereafter fought (with the Prophet).” So he killed their men and divided their women, property and children among Muslims except some of them who associated with the Apostle of Allaah. He gave them protection and later on they embraced Islam. The Apostle of Allaah expelled all the Jews of Madeenah in Toto, Banu Qainuqa, they were the people of ‘Abd Allaah bin Salam, the Jews of Banu Harith and any of Jews who resided in Madeenah.}} | |||
'''Abu Dawud Volume 2 Number 3023, 3024, 3026:''' He commanded to expel the polytheists. | '''Abu Dawud Volume 2 Number 3023, 3024, 3026:''' He commanded to expel the polytheists. | ||
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{{Core POTB}} | {{Core POTB}} | ||
==Miscellaneous== | |||
Umar b. al-Khattab, the second Rashidun caliph, made the following statement about dhimmis to his followers, cited by Hanafi scholar Abu Yusuf. | |||
{{Quote|{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=PJNgCwAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+would+not+find+a+man+to+talk+to+and+profit+from+his+labors&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise |publisher=Open Road Media |author=Darío Fernández-Morera |date= |archiveurl= |deadurl=no}} ISBN 1504034694. See also [http://web.archive.org/web/20160918142008/https://world.wng.org/2016/09/life_as_a_dhimmi_in_medieval_islamic_spain].|Have you considered, if we take them [as slaves] and share them out, what will be left for Muslims who come after us? By God, the Muslims would not find a man to talk to and profit from his labors. The Muslims of our day will eat [from the work of] these people as long as they live, and when we and they die, our sons will eat their sons forever, as long as they remain, for they are slaves to the people of the religion of Islam as long as the religion of Islam shall prevail.}} | |||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
{{Hub4|Dhimmitude|Dhimmitude}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||