Mohamed a negramotnost: Difference between revisions

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* ''ummah'' (أمة) - (islámská) komunita
* ''ummah'' (أمة) - (islámská) komunita


Lane's lexicon uvádí několik významů ''ummiy'':
Laneův lexikon uvádí několik významů ''ummiy'':
{{Quote|Lane's lexicon o أُمِّىٌّ <ref>http://lexicon.quranic-research.net/data/01_a/128_!m.html</ref>|
{{Quote|Lane's lexicon o أُمِّىٌّ <ref>http://lexicon.quranic-research.net/data/01_a/128_!m.html</ref>|


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Online arabský slovník říká o ummiy:
Online arabský slovník říká o ummiy:
{{Quote|Almaany.com on أمي <ref>https://www.almaany.com/en/dict/ar-en/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A/</ref>|
{{Quote|Almaany.com o أمي <ref>https://www.almaany.com/en/dict/ar-en/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A/</ref>|
Translation and Meaning of أمي in Almaany English Arabic Dictionary
Translation and Meaning of أمي in Almaany English Arabic Dictionary


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Tedy toto slovo má několik významů. Mohli bychom spekulovat, že by to mohlo znamenat i "mateřeský" (odvozeno z ''umm'' - matka), protože Mohamedův otec zemřel předtím, než se Mohamed narodil a on pak žil pouze se svojí matkou.
Tedy toto slovo má několik významů. Mohli bychom spekulovat, že by to mohlo znamenat i "mateřeský" (odvozeno z ''umm'' - matka), protože Mohamedův otec zemřel předtím, než se Mohamed narodil a on pak žil pouze se svojí matkou.


===Indications he was literate===
===Známky, že byl gramotný===
Muhammad was employed by his first wife Khadija to travel as a merchant. It's hard to do trade business without being able to write. Besides this implicit indication to his ability to write, we have explicit hadiths talking about Muhammad writing stuff.
Mohamed byl zaměstnán svojí první manželkou Chadídžou, aby cestoval jako obchodník. Je těžké dělat byznys mezi schopnosti psát. Kromě tohoto nepřímého náznaku, že uměl psát, máme hadísy, kde se explicitně říká, že Mohamed psal.


====Hadiths====
====Hadísy====
كتب (''kataba'') means "he wrote":
كتب (''kataba'') znamená "napsal":
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|3|65}}|
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|3|65}}|
Narrated Anas bin Malik:
Vyprávěl Anas bin Malik:


'''Once the Prophet (ﷺ) wrote (كَتَبَ) a letter or had an idea of writing a letter'''. The Prophet (ﷺ) was told that they (rulers) would not read letters unless they were sealed. So the Prophet (ﷺ) got a silver ring made with "Muhammad Allah's Messenger (ﷺ)" engraved on it. As if I were just observing its white glitter in the hand of the Prophet.
'''Jednou prorok (ﷺ) napsal (كَتَبَ) dopis nebo měl nápad, že by jej mohl napsat'''. Prorokovi (ﷺ) bylo řečeno, že oni (vládci) nečtou dopisy, pokud nejsou zapečetěné. A tak si prorok (ﷺ) udělal stříbrný prsten s vyrytým "Mohamed, posel boží"...
}}
}}
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|42|5117}}|
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|42|5117}}|
Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas:
Vyprávěl Abdullah ibn Abbas:


'''The Prophet (ﷺ) wrote (كَتَبَ) a letter to Heraclius''': "From Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah, to Hiraql (Heraclius), Chief of the Byzantines. Peace be to those who follow the guidance." Ibn Yahya reported on the authority of Ibn Abbas that AbuSufyan said to him: We then came to see Hiraql (Heraclius) who seated us before him. He then called for the letter from the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). Its contents were: "In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful, from Muhammad the Messenger of Allah, to Hiraql, chief of Byzantines. Peace be to those who follow the guidance. To proceed."
'''Prorok (ﷺ) napsal (كَتَبَ) dopis Heracliusovi''': "Od Mohameda, posla Aláhova...
}}
}}
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|18|2921}} (sahih)|
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|18|2921}} (sahih)|
Narrated Umar ibn al-Khattab:
...Ad-Dahhak ibn Sufyan řekl: '''Posel Aláhův (ﷺ) napsal (كَتَبَ) mi''', že mám dát podíl ...
 
Sa'id said: Umar ibn al-Khattab said: Blood-money is meant for the clan of the slain, and she will not inherit from the blood-money of her husband. Ad-Dahhak ibn Sufyan said: '''The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) wrote (كَتَبَ) to me''' that I should give a share to the wife of Ashyam ad-Dubabi from the blood-money of her husband. So Umar withdrew his opinion.
 
Ahmad ibn Salih said: AbdurRazzaq transmitted this tradition to us from Ma'mar, from az-Zuhri on the authority of Sa'id. In this version he said: The Prophet (ﷺ) made him governor over the bedouins.
}}
}}
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|19|2993}}|
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|19|2993}}|
Narrated Yazid ibn Abdullah:
...Poté jsme se zeptali: Kdo napsal (كَتَبَ) tento dokument pro vás? Odpověděl: Posel Aláhův(ﷺ).
 
We were at Mirbad. A man with dishevelled hair and holding a piece of red skin in his hand came.
 
We said: You appear to be a bedouin. He said: Yes. We said: Give us this piece of skin in your hand. He then gave it to us and we read it. It contained the text: "From Muhammad, Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), to Banu Zuhayr ibn Uqaysh. If you bear witness that there is no god but Allah, and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, offer prayer, pay zakat, pay the fifth from the booty, and the portion of the Prophet (ﷺ) and his special portion (safi), you will be under by the protection of Allah and His Apostle."
 
'''We then asked: Who wrote (كَتَبَ) this document for you? He replied: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ).'''
}}
}}


وكتب (''wa-kataba'') means "and he wrote":
وكتب (''wa-kataba'') znamená "a on napsal":
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|53|387}}|
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|53|387}}|
Narrated Abu Humaid As-Saidi:
... '''a prorok napsal (وَكَتَبَ) mu''' mírovou smlouvu...
 
We accompanied the Prophet (ﷺ) in the Ghazwa of Tabuk and the king of 'Aila presented a white mule and a cloak as a gift to the Prophet. '''And the Prophet (ﷺ) wrote (وَكَتَبَ) to him''' a peace treaty allowing him to keep authority over his country.
}}
}}


فكتب (''fa-kataba'') means "then he wrote":
فكتب (''fa-kataba'') znamená "poté on napsal":
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|9|89|302}}|
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|9|89|302}}|
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "The Jews should either pay the blood money of your (deceased) companion or be ready for war." '''After that Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) wrote (فَكَتَبَ) a letter to the Jews''' in that respect, and they wrote that they had not killed him.
Poté Aláhův posel (ﷺ) napsal (فَكَتَبَ) dopis židům...
}}
}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|49|863}}|
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|49|863}}|
Narrated Al-Bara:
Vyprávěl Al-Bara:


When the Prophet (ﷺ) intended to perform `Umra in the month of Dhul-Qada, the people of Mecca did not let him enter Mecca till he settled the matter with them by promising to stay in it for three days only. When the document of treaty was written, the following was mentioned: 'These are the terms on which Muhammad, Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) agreed (to make peace).' They said, "We will not agree to this, for if we believed that you are Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) we would not prevent you, but you are Muhammad bin `Abdullah." The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "I am Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) and also Muhammad bin `Abdullah." Then he said to `Ali, "Rub off (the words) 'Allah's Messenger (ﷺ)' ", but `Ali said, "No, by Allah, I will never rub off your name." So, '''Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) took the document and wrote (فَكَتَبَ)''', 'This is what Muhammad bin `Abdullah has agreed upon: No arms will be brought into Mecca except in their cases, and nobody from the people of Mecca will be allowed to go with him (i.e. the Prophet (ﷺ) ) even if he wished to follow him and he (the Prophet (ﷺ) ) will not prevent any of his companions from staying in Mecca if the latter wants to stay.'
Když chtěl prorok vykonat malou pouť v měsíci dhul-qada, lidé v Mekce mu neumožnili vstoupit do Mekky, dokud jim neslíbil, že se tam zdrží pouze tři dny. Když byl dokument sepsán, bylo zmíněno následující: 'Toto jsou podmínky za kterých Mohamed, Aláhův posel, souhlasil (s mírovou dohodou).' Oni řekli: "S tím nebudeme souhlasit, protože kdybychom věřili, že jsi Aláhův posel, nebránili bychom ti, ale ty jsi Muhammad bin `Abdullah." Prorok (ﷺ) řekl, "Já jsem Aláhův posel (ﷺ) a zároveň Muhammad bin `Abdullah." A pak řekl Alímu: "Vymaž (slova) 'Aláhův posel (ﷺ)' ", ale Alí řekl: "Ne, při Aláhovi, nikdy nesmažu tvé jméno." Tak, '''Aláhův posel (ﷺ) vzal dokument a napsal (فَكَتَبَ)''', 'Toto je to, na čem se Muhammad bin `Abdullah dohodnul: Žádné zbraně nebudou přineseny do Mekky...
}}
}}
====The first revelation====
 
The first sura was the sura 96, which  begins as follows:
====První zjevení====
První súra byla súra 96, která začíná takto:
{{Quote|{{Quran|96|1-5}}|
{{Quote|{{Quran|96|1-5}}|
'''Read''' (اقرا, ''iqra'') in the name of your Lord who created -
'''Čti''' (اقرا, ''iqra'') ve jménu Pána svého, který stvořil,


Created man from a clinging substance.
člověka z kapky přilnavé stvořil!


Recite, and your Lord is the most Generous -
Čti, vždyť Pán tvůj je nadmíru štědrý,


Who taught '''by the pen''' (بالقلم, ''bil-qalam'') -
ten, jenž naučil '''perem''' (بالقلم, ''bil-qalam''),


Taught man that which he knew not.
naučil člověka, co ještě neznal.


}}
}}
* The word ''iqra'' is sometimes translated as "recite", but "recitation" in Arabic is تِلاَوَة (''tilawa'') and the Quran uses form of that word for "recitation" <ref>http://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=tlw</ref>.
* Slovo ''iqra'' se někdy překládá jako "recituj", ale "recitace" v arabštině je تِلاَوَة (''tilawa'') a Korán používá formy tohoto slova pro "recitace" <ref>http://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=tlw</ref>.
 
There are two versions of the story of the first revelation. In the Sirat Rasul Allah by Ibn Ishaq it goes as follows:
{{Quote|Sirat Rasul Allah by Ibn Ishaq <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%27s_first_revelation</ref>|


When it was the night on which God honored him with his mission and showed mercy on His servants thereby, Gabriel brought him the command of God. "He came to me," said the apostle of God, "while I was asleep, with a coverlet of brocade whereon was some writing, and said, ‘Read!’ I said, '''‘What shall I read?’''' (وما اقرأ <ref>https://ar.wikisource.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84</ref>) He pressed me with it so tightly that I thought it was death; then he let me go and said, ‘Read!’ I said, ‘What shall I read?’ He pressed me with it again so that I thought it was death; then he let me go and said ‘Read!’ I said, ‘What shall I read?’ He pressed me with it the third time so that I thought it was death and said ‘Read!’ I said, ‘What then shall I read?’—and this I said only to deliver myself from him, lest he should do the same to me again. He said:
Existují dvě verze příběhu o prvním zjevení. V Sirat Rasul Allah od Ibn Ishaq to je následovně:
{{Quote|Sirat Rasul Allah od Ibn Ishaq <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%27s_first_revelation</ref>|


‘Read in the name of thy Lord who created, Who created man of blood coagulated. Read! Thy Lord is the most beneficent, Who taught by the pen, Taught that which they knew not unto men.’
Když byla noc při které jej bůh poctil jeho misí a ukázal svoji milost pro své služebníky, Gabriel mu seslal příkaz od boha. "Přišel ke mě," řekl apoštol boží, "zatímco jsem spal, s plátnem na kterém bylo nějaké psaní a řek: ‘Čti!’ Řekl jsem, '''‘Co mám číst?’''' (وما اقرأ <ref>https://ar.wikisource.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84</ref>)}}
So I read it, and he departed from me. And I awoke from my sleep, and it was as though these words were written on my heart.}}
Je tam وما اقرأ "a co mám číst?". Tedy v tomto příběhu Mohamed může číst, jen se ptá co má číst.
It says وما اقرأ "and what (should I) read?". So in this story Muhammad can read, he just asks what should he read.


Ibn Ishaq died in 761. But in 810 was born Bukhari, who wrote a little different story in his Sahih Bukhari collection:
Ibn Ishaq zemřel roku 761. Ale v roce 810 se narodil Bukhari, který napsal trochu jiný příběh v jeho kolekci Sahih Bukhari:
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|1|3}}|
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|1|3}}|
He used to take with him the journey food for the stay and then come back to (his wife) Khadija to take his food likewise again till suddenly the Truth descended upon him while he was in the cave of Hira. The angel came to him and asked him to read. The Prophet (ﷺ) replied, "'''I do not know how to read.''' (مَا أَنَا بِقَارِئٍ)" The Prophet (ﷺ) added, "The angel caught me (forcefully) and pressed me so hard that I could not bear it any more. He then released me and again asked me to read and I replied, 'I do not know how to read.' Thereupon he caught me again and pressed me a second time till I could not bear it any more. He then released me and again asked me to read but again I replied, 'I do not know how to read (or what shall I read)?' Thereupon he caught me for the third time and pressed me, and then released me and said, 'Read in the name of your Lord, who has created (all that exists), created man from a clot. Read! And your Lord is the Most Generous." (96.1, 96.2, 96.3)
...Anděl k němu přišel a požadoval aby četl. Prorok (ﷺ) odpověděl, "'''Já neumím číst.''' (مَا أَنَا بِقَارِئٍ)"...
}}
}}
* If the ''iqra'' in 96:1 meant "recite" as some translators translated it, then here Muhammad says "I don't know how to recite".
* Pokud ''iqra'' ve verši 96:1 znamenalo "recituj" jak to někteří překladatelé přeložili, tak tady Mohamed říká "Neumím recitovat".


This shift from ''"and what shall I read"'' (وما اقرأ) to ''"I don't know how to read"'' (مَا أَنَا بِقَارِئٍ) seems to indicate that Muhammad's illiteracy was a later invention.
Tento posun od ''"a co mám číst"'' (وما اقرأ) k ''"neumím číst"'' (مَا أَنَا بِقَارِئٍ) indikuje, že Mohamedova negramotnost byla pozdější výmysl.


==Mohamed, islámský vzor chování==
==Mohamed, islámský vzor chování==
Line 264: Line 250:
* Muslimové věří, že Mohamed byl negramotný a zároveň jej považují za dokonalý vzor pro každou dobu.
* Muslimové věří, že Mohamed byl negramotný a zároveň jej považují za dokonalý vzor pro každou dobu.
* Mohamed mohl být autorem Koránu ať už uměl číst a psát nebo neuměl.
* Mohamed mohl být autorem Koránu ať už uměl číst a psát nebo neuměl.
==Viz také==
* [[Clanky v ceskem jazyce - Articles in Czech|Články v českém jazyce (Articles in Czech)]] ''- Přehled všech článků v českém jazyce na WikiIslam''
{{Translation-links-czech|[[Muhammad and illiteracy|anglicky]]}}


==Reference==
==Reference==
[[Category:Česky (Czech)]]
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