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{{QualityScore|Lead=1|Structure=2|Content=2|Language=4|References=2}}Female Genital Mutilation or Female Circumcision (Arabic: ختان المرأة) is the practice of cutting off part (or parts) of the outer labia and | {{QualityScore|Lead=1|Structure=2|Content=2|Language=4|References=2}}Female Genital Mutilation or Female Circumcision (Arabic: ختان المرأة) is the practice of cutting off part (or parts) of the outer labia and/or part or all of the clitoris. Female Genital Mutilation also includes the practice of Infibulation, in which the outer labia are pared back and the cut edges stitched together. When this heals it forms a seal that covers both the openings of the vagina and the urethra. Those who engage in FGM consider the primary purpose of FGM to be the safeguarding of the purity, chastity, virtue and reputation of girls and women. | ||
FGM is a practice associated with Islam: about 80% of FGM is attributable to Muslims<ref>https://fgmtruth.wordpress.com/what-percentage-of-global-fgm-are-moslems-responsible-for/</ref>. Most of the remaining 20% is attributable to non-Muslims living in FGM-practicing Islamic societies (e.g. the Egyptian Copts<ref>https://copticliterature.wordpress.com/2014/03/12/prevalence-of-and-support-for-female-genital-mutilation-within-the-copts-of-egypt-unicef-report-2013/</ref>), or societies that have historically been dominated by the Islamic slave trade (e.g. Ethiopia and Eritrea). | FGM is a practice associated with Islam: about 80% of FGM is attributable to Muslims<ref>https://fgmtruth.wordpress.com/what-percentage-of-global-fgm-are-moslems-responsible-for/</ref>. Most of the remaining 20% is attributable to non-Muslims living in FGM-practicing Islamic societies (e.g. the Egyptian Copts<ref>https://copticliterature.wordpress.com/2014/03/12/prevalence-of-and-support-for-female-genital-mutilation-within-the-copts-of-egypt-unicef-report-2013/</ref>), or societies that have historically been dominated by the Islamic slave trade (e.g. Ethiopia and Eritrea). | ||
The disposition of '''Islamic law''' towards FGM is determined by its status in the Qur'an and the Sunnah (Sharia), and on how that status is interpreted by Islamic jurists and scholars (fiqh). Shariah derives directly from the [[Qur'an]] and the [[Sunnah]] (which consists of the [[Hadith]] and [[Sira|Sira)]]. Shariah has the status of divine revelation, and is unchanging and unchangeable. Fiqh is Islamic jurisprudence - the process whereby Islamic jurists and scholars make the principles of Shariah applicable to human beings by the creation of laws, beliefs and observances. | The disposition of '''Islamic law''' towards FGM is determined by its status in the Qur'an and the Sunnah (Sharia), and on how that status is interpreted by Islamic jurists and scholars (fiqh). Shariah derives directly from the [[Qur'an]] and the [[Sunnah]] (which consists of the [[Hadith]] and [[Sira|Sira)]]. Shariah has the status of divine revelation, and is unchanging and unchangeable. Fiqh is Islamic jurisprudence - the process whereby Islamic jurists and scholars make the principles of Shariah applicable to human beings by the creation of laws, beliefs and observances<ref>[https://books.google.fr/books?id=qof6J4n1860C&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=Sheikh+Abu-Sabib+1984&source=bl&ots=-apLOOha6B&sig=dpINFFLI-N9KO8_FmEET-MDFKbI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiXh5Gi5OfcAhVOyoUKHeSgDWUQ6AEwC3oECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Sheikh%20Abu-Sabib%201984&f=false Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy] | ||
== FGM in the Qur'an and Sunnah == | [https://books.google.fr/books?id=qof6J4n1860C&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=Sheikh+Abu-Sabib+1984&source=bl&ots=-apLOOha6B&sig=dpINFFLI-N9KO8_FmEET-MDFKbI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiXh5Gi5OfcAhVOyoUKHeSgDWUQ6AEwC3oECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Sheikh%20Abu-Sabib%201984&f=false By International Symposium On Sexual Mutiliations 199, International Symposium on Sexual Mutiliations 1996 Lausanne, switzer]</ref>. | ||
==FGM in the Qur'an and Sunnah== | |||
FGM is mentioned (at least) [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Female Genital Mutilation|seven times in the Hadith]]. Four hadith report Muhammad approving of FGM. Two other hadith report Sahabah (Muhammad's companions) openly participating in FGM. These have less doctrinal authority than the hadith featuring Muhammad. The remaining, seventh, hadith mentions FGM, but neither approves or disapproves of it. | FGM is mentioned (at least) [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Female Genital Mutilation|seven times in the Hadith]]. Four hadith report Muhammad approving of FGM. Two other hadith report Sahabah (Muhammad's companions) openly participating in FGM. These have less doctrinal authority than the hadith featuring Muhammad. The remaining, seventh, hadith mentions FGM, but neither approves or disapproves of it. | ||