Convenient Revelations: Difference between revisions

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[[Aisha]], the favorite wife of Muhammad, was expressly suspicious about this sort of revelation. After Muhammad received the verse above, Aisha commented, "I feel that your Lord hastens in fulfilling your wishes and desires."<ref>{{Bukhari|6|60|311}}</ref>
[[Aisha]], the favorite wife of Muhammad, was expressly suspicious about this sort of revelation. After Muhammad received the verse above, Aisha commented, "I feel that your Lord hastens in fulfilling your wishes and desires."<ref>{{Bukhari|6|60|311}}</ref>
=== No one can marry Muhammad's wives after he dies ===
{{Quote|{{Quran|33|53}}|...You should not offend the Apostle of Allah, nor may you ever marry his wives after him. Indeed that would be a grave [sin] with Allah.}}


===Permission to wed adopted son's ex-wife===
===Permission to wed adopted son's ex-wife===
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Despite adopted sons not being treated as real sons in Islam, another legal fiction was at one time endorsed according to hadiths. [[Adult Suckling]] was a practice which allowed an unrelated male to become a woman's mahram until that ruling was later abrogated.
Despite adopted sons not being treated as real sons in Islam, another legal fiction was at one time endorsed according to hadiths. [[Adult Suckling]] was a practice which allowed an unrelated male to become a woman's mahram until that ruling was later abrogated.
The only other contemporary of Muhammad to be named directly is Abu Lahab, who according to tradition was his (half) uncle who along with his wife, was a fierce opponent of Muhammad,<ref>See commentaries on [https://quranx.com/Tafsirs/111.1 ''verse 111.1'']</ref> with Surah 111 / Al Lahab (the flame) dedicated solely to scorning him and his wife.
{{Quote|{{Quran|111|1-5}}|Perish the hands of Abu Lahab, and perish he! Neither his wealth availed him, nor what he had earned. Soon he will enter the blazing fire, and his wife [too], the firewood carrier, with a rope of palm fibre around her neck.}}
===Permissions regarding concubines===
The passage below is somewhat ambiguous. Classical scholars interpreted it as describing Muhammad's rights to take unlimited concubines, while Islamic modernists see it as giving him permission to marry his concubines.
The words translated "what Allah has returned to you" (wamā [...] afāa l-lahu ʿalayka) mean Muhammad's share of the spoils of war, since the same language is mirrored in {{Quran-range|59|6|7}} with that meaning. Those verses twice mention "what Allah has returned to his messenger" (wamā afāa l-lahu ʿalā rasūlihi).
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|33|50|52}}|'''O Prophet, indeed We have made lawful to you your wives to whom you have given their due compensation and those your right hand possesses from what Allah has returned to you [of captives]''' and the daughters of your paternal uncles and the daughters of your paternal aunts and the daughters of your maternal uncles and the daughters of your maternal aunts who emigrated with you and a believing woman if she gives herself to the Prophet [and] if the Prophet wishes to marry her, [this is] only for you, excluding the [other] believers. We certainly know what We have made obligatory upon them concerning their wives and those their right hands possess, [but this is for you] in order that there will be upon you no discomfort. And ever is Allah Forgiving and Merciful
You, [O Muhammad], may put aside whom you will of them or take to yourself whom you will. And any that you desire of those [wives] from whom you had [temporarily] separated - there is no blame upon you [in returning her]. That is more suitable that they should be content and not grieve and that they should be satisfied with what you have given them - all of them. And Allah knows what is in your hearts. And ever is Allah Knowing and Forbearing.
Not lawful to you, [O Muhammad], are [any additional] women after [this], nor [is it] for you to exchange them for [other] wives, even if their beauty were to please you, '''except what your right hand possesses.''' And ever is Allah, over all things, an Observer.}}


===Permission to have relations with concubine despite promising otherwise===
===Permission to have relations with concubine despite promising otherwise===
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When Hafsa found this out and questioned him, Muhammad promised (on oath) not to touch Mary again if Hafsa would keep the occurrence a secret, and promised that Umar (Hafsa's father) and Abu Bakr (Aisha's father) would be his successors. Hafsa, however, did not keep quiet and told Aisha about this event. As a result Muhammad had no interactions with any of his wives for a full month during which he lived with Mary alone.<ref>Gerhard Nehls & Walter Eric - [http://answering-islam.org/Nehls/tt1/tt2.html The Challenge of Islam/ Chapter II] - English Press Limited Nairobi, New Revised Edition 1996, ISBN 9966 895 16 7</ref> In response, Aisha and Hafsa conspired with the rest of the prophet's wives against Muhammad and isolated him from physical relations.
When Hafsa found this out and questioned him, Muhammad promised (on oath) not to touch Mary again if Hafsa would keep the occurrence a secret, and promised that Umar (Hafsa's father) and Abu Bakr (Aisha's father) would be his successors. Hafsa, however, did not keep quiet and told Aisha about this event. As a result Muhammad had no interactions with any of his wives for a full month during which he lived with Mary alone.<ref>Gerhard Nehls & Walter Eric - [http://answering-islam.org/Nehls/tt1/tt2.html The Challenge of Islam/ Chapter II] - English Press Limited Nairobi, New Revised Edition 1996, ISBN 9966 895 16 7</ref> In response, Aisha and Hafsa conspired with the rest of the prophet's wives against Muhammad and isolated him from physical relations.


Regarding his actions with Mary, Muhammad received the following revelation:
Regarding his actions with Mary, Muhammad received the following revelation:<ref>See: commentaries on [https://quranx.com/Tafsirs/66.1 ''verse 66:1'']</ref>
 
{{Quote|{{Quran|66|1}}|O Prophet! Why do you disallow [yourself] what Allah has made lawful for you, seeking to please your wives? And Allah is all-forgiving, all-merciful.}}
 
And he is specifically sanctioned to break oaths by God.
 
{{Quote|{{Quran|66|2}}|Allah has certainly made lawful for you the dissolution of your oaths, and Allah is your master and He is the All-knowing, the All-wise.}}
 
Allah then proceeded to chastise Aisha and Hafsa for getting upset with Muhammad for having sex with Mary, and seems to subtly threaten them with divorce and the opportunity of Muhammad to marry better wives should they gossip again:


{{Quote|{{Quran|66|1}}|'''"O Prophet! Why do you ban (for yourself) that which God has made lawful to you.."'''}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|66|3-5}}|And (remember) when the Prophet disclosed a matter in confidence to one of his wives (Hafsah), so when she told it (to another i.e. 'Aishah), and God made it known to him, he informed part thereof and left a part. Then when he told her (Hafsah) thereof, she said: "Who told you this?" He said: "The All-Knower, the All-Aware (God) has told me".  If you two (wives of the Prophet , namely 'Aishah and Hafsah) turn in repentance to God, (it will be better for you), your hearts are indeed so inclined (to oppose what the Prophet likes), but if you help one another against him (Muhammad), then verily, God is his Maula (Lord, or Master, or Protector, etc.), and Jibrael (Gabriel), and the righteous among the believers, and furthermore, the angels are his helpers. It may be if he divorced you (all) that his Lord will give him instead of you, wives better than you, Muslims (who submit to God), believers, obedient to God, turning to God in repentance, worshipping God sincerely, fasting or emigrants (for God's sake), previously married and virgins."}}Stewart (2024) notes the further threatening analogies to his wives at the end of the surah ({{Quran|66|10-12}}).
{{Quote|Stewart, Devin. (2024). <i>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382862079_Signs_for_Those_Who_Can_Decipher_Them_Ancient_Ruins_in_the_Quran“ Signs for Those Who Can Decipher Them”: Ancient Ruins in the Qurʾān.] pp. 58-59. </i>10.1163/9789004683167_004.|The history of prophets in the Qur'an is presented within a typological frame-work of interpretation. The examples of the past salvation history are not just of antiquarian interest but have immediate relevance to the contemporary situation of the Prophet Muhammad and his immediate audience. The various situations earlier prophets faced in the past are seen to mirror, prefigure, and provide insight into the situations faced by the Prophet Muhammad and his community. The regular pattern of prophetic missions in history makes it possible to predict the contours of the Prophet Muhammad's mission, or, to put it somewhat differently, fulfill predictions embodied in those earlier examples from salvation history.


Allah then proceeded to chastise Aisha and Hafsa for getting upset with Muhammad for having sex with Mary:
A clear instance of this type of analogical reasoning is seen in surat al-Tahrim  (Q66) which blames the wives of the prophet for divulging confidence and for committing some other unnamed infraction. Examples of commendable women are presented: Mary the mother of Jesus and the wife of Pharaoh. Examples of blameworthy women are presented: the wife of Noah and the wife of Lot.


{{Quote|{{Quran|66|3-5}}|And (remember) when the Prophet disclosed a matter in confidence to one of his wives (Hafsah), so when she told it (to another i.e. 'Aishah), and God made it known to him, he informed part thereof and left a part. Then when he told her (Hafsah) thereof, she said: "Who told you this?" He said: "The All-Knower, the All-Aware (God) has told me".  If you two (wives of the Prophet , namely 'Aishah and Hafsah) turn in repentance to God, (it will be better for you), your hearts are indeed so inclined (to oppose what the Prophet likes), but if you help one another against him (Muhammad), then verily, God is his Maula (Lord, or Master, or Protector, etc.), and Jibrael (Gabriel), and the righteous among the believers, and furthermore, the angels are his helpers. It may be if he divorced you (all) that his Lord will give him instead of you, wives better than you, Muslims (who submit to God), believers, obedient to God, turning to God in repentance, worshipping God sincerely, fasting or emigrants (for God's sake), previously married and virgins."}}
The point is not just historical, for an analogical argument is being made about the present. Just as Muhammad is parallel to messengers of the past, so too are his wives parallel to the wives of past messengers. If his wives persist in their bad behavior, they will meet the fate met by the wives of Noah and Lot. No immunity is granted to wives of prophets on account of their close ties to God's chosen messengers: they will not escape punishment just because they are married to or revered and spiritually outstanding figures. This type of analogical, typological argument is made in dozens of Qur'anic  suras but is often not stated directly. In some passages, an analogical argument is made explicit though specific hints and comparative statements, but in others, it remains implicit. This typological framework remains in the background of all Qur'anic passages that present narratives of prophets of the past.<sup>7</sup>}}
(The few verses inbetween ({{Quran|66|6-9}}) talk about obedience to Allah to get to heaven and avoid hell).


===Excusing the Satanic Verses===
===Excusing the Satanic Verses===
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{{Quote|{{Quran|80|1-12}}|
{{Quote|{{Quran|80|1-12}}|
The Prophet frowned and turned away. Because there came to him the blind man, [interrupting]. But what would make you perceive, [O Muhammad], that perhaps he might be purified. Or be reminded and the remembrance would benefit him? As for he who thinks himself without need, To him you give attention. And not upon you [is any blame] if he will not be purified. But as for he who came to you striving [for knowledge]. While he fears [ Allah ], From him you are distracted. No! Indeed, these verses are a reminder;}}
The Prophet frowned and turned away. Because there came to him the blind man, [interrupting]. But what would make you perceive, [O Muhammad], that perhaps he might be purified. Or be reminded and the remembrance would benefit him? As for he who thinks himself without need, To him you give attention. And not upon you [is any blame] if he will not be purified. But as for he who came to you striving [for knowledge]. While he fears [ Allah ], From him you are distracted. No! Indeed, these verses are a reminder;}}
===Condemnation of house guests===
===Condemnation of lingering house guests===
Muhammad's followers were at one point staying too long in and around his house and talking to his wives, to Muhammad's chagrin. Muhammad thus received a verse condemning this behavior on the part of his [[Sahabah|companions]].  
Muhammad's followers were at one point staying too long in and around his house and talking to his wives, to Muhammad's chagrin. Muhammad thus received a verse condemning this behavior on the part of his [[Sahabah|companions]].  
{{Quote|{{Quran|33|53}}|O you who believe! Enter not the Prophet's houses, except when leave is given to you for a meal, (and then) not (so early as) to wait for its preparation. But when you are invited, enter, and when you have taken your meal, disperse, without sitting for a talk. Verily, such (behaviour) annoys the Prophet, and he is shy of (asking) you (to go), but Allah is not shy of (telling you) the truth. And when you ask (his wives) for anything you want, ask them from behind a screen, that is purer for your hearts and for their hearts. And it is not (right) for you that you should annoy Allah's Messenger, nor that you should ever marry his wives after him (his death). Verily! With Allah that shall be an enormity.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|33|53}}|O you who believe! Enter not the Prophet's houses, except when leave is given to you for a meal, (and then) not (so early as) to wait for its preparation. But when you are invited, enter, and when you have taken your meal, disperse, without sitting for a talk. Verily, such (behaviour) annoys the Prophet, and he is shy of (asking) you (to go), but Allah is not shy of (telling you) the truth. And when you ask (his wives) for anything you want, ask them from behind a screen, that is purer for your hearts and for their hearts. And it is not (right) for you that you should annoy Allah's Messenger, nor that you should ever marry his wives after him (his death). Verily! With Allah that shall be an enormity.}}
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{{Quote|{{Quran|49|4-5}}|Indeed those who call you from behind the apartments, most of them do not use their reason.
{{Quote|{{Quran|49|4-5}}|Indeed those who call you from behind the apartments, most of them do not use their reason.
Had they been patient until you came out for them, it would have been better for them, and Allah is all-forgiving, all-merciful.}}
Had they been patient until you came out for them, it would have been better for them, and Allah is all-forgiving, all-merciful.}}
=== Give the prophet a material 'offering' before meeting with him privately ===
The idea of having to pay an alleged prophet for what are assumingly one-on-one meetings is interesting.
{{Quote|{{Quran|58|12}}|O you who have faith! When you converse privately with the Apostle, offer a charity before your private talk. That is better for you and purer. But if you cannot afford [to make the offering], then Allah is indeed all-forgiving, all-merciful.}}
This may have dismayed some followers looking at the next verse.
{{Quote|{{Quran|58|13}}|Were you dismayed by having to offer charities before your private talks? Since you did not do it, and Allah has excused you [for not be able to comply], now maintain the prayer and pay the zakat, and obey Allah and His Apostle. Allah is well aware of what you do.}}Especially considering the contradictory messages with previous verses on the messenger strictly not asking for any reward in {{Quran|25|56-58}} seemingly as a sign of truthfulness, (and {{Quran|12|104}}). Similarly the previous messenger Noah/Nūḥ is said to say a similar line in {{Quran|11|29}}, as others are said to have done in {{Quran|6|90}}, matching the principle of m''essenger uniformitarianism'' (where all messengers are said to preach the same message), a key aspect of Qur'anic theology.<ref>Durie, Mark. ''The Qur’an and Its Biblical Reflexes: Investigations into the Genesis of a Religion'' (pp. 281-294). ''5.3 Messenger Uniformitarianism.'' Lexington Books. 2018.</ref>


=== Followers are told not to speak in hostility about Muhammad in private ===
=== Followers are told not to speak in hostility about Muhammad in private ===
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''In the early Medinan period, a new group of hearers appears on the stage, if not in reality, then at least virtually: the Medinan Jews. Jews appear as believers (Q 2:62, 5:69, 22:17), or in other places they are confronted with the requirement of accepting the new message (Q 4:162). In some Qur’anic texts, they belong to the “peoples of the writing” (Q 3:113–114) '''and obtain assurances of a doubled reward in view of their belief in their own revealed writings and the Qur’an (Q 28:52–54).<sup>10</sup>'''<sup>1</sup> But the full significance of their presence only becomes clear by means of a Qur’anic strategy that seems to presuppose Jewish hearers: older Qur’anic texts are extensively reworked, and thus adapted to the expectations of a more complex Medinan listenership. Textual analyses show that some biblical narratives that were already formulated in Mecca were subjected to a revision in Medina, and thus gained theological dimensions that clearly relate to Jewish biblical exegesis.''</ref> It is not clear exactly what this reward will look like, or why these people alone would gain double-reward as all Muslims must affirm belief in both the Torah and Qur'an coming from Allah regardless, so critics argue this may be a cynical ploy to gain followers. It is worth noting that no other group [[:en:Convenient_Revelations#Muhammad's_wives_have_double_reward_and_punishment|bar his wives]] are given this assurance.  
''In the early Medinan period, a new group of hearers appears on the stage, if not in reality, then at least virtually: the Medinan Jews. Jews appear as believers (Q 2:62, 5:69, 22:17), or in other places they are confronted with the requirement of accepting the new message (Q 4:162). In some Qur’anic texts, they belong to the “peoples of the writing” (Q 3:113–114) '''and obtain assurances of a doubled reward in view of their belief in their own revealed writings and the Qur’an (Q 28:52–54).<sup>10</sup>'''<sup>1</sup> But the full significance of their presence only becomes clear by means of a Qur’anic strategy that seems to presuppose Jewish hearers: older Qur’anic texts are extensively reworked, and thus adapted to the expectations of a more complex Medinan listenership. Textual analyses show that some biblical narratives that were already formulated in Mecca were subjected to a revision in Medina, and thus gained theological dimensions that clearly relate to Jewish biblical exegesis.''</ref> It is not clear exactly what this reward will look like, or why these people alone would gain double-reward as all Muslims must affirm belief in both the Torah and Qur'an coming from Allah regardless, so critics argue this may be a cynical ploy to gain followers. It is worth noting that no other group [[:en:Convenient_Revelations#Muhammad's_wives_have_double_reward_and_punishment|bar his wives]] are given this assurance.  
{{Quote|{{Quran|28|52-54}}|Those to whom We gave the Book before it are the ones who believe in it, and when it is recited to them, they say, ‘We believe in it. It is indeed the truth from our Lord. Indeed we were Muslims [even] before it [came].’ <b>Those will be given their reward two times for their patience.</b> They repel evil [conduct] with good, and spend out of what We have provided them}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|28|52-54}}|Those to whom We gave the Book before it are the ones who believe in it, and when it is recited to them, they say, ‘We believe in it. It is indeed the truth from our Lord. Indeed we were Muslims [even] before it [came].’ <b>Those will be given their reward two times for their patience.</b> They repel evil [conduct] with good, and spend out of what We have provided them}}
=== Muhammad judges personal disputes ===
As Lindstedt (2023) notes, in the Medinan period he became the leader of the community, which we see reflected in the Medinan Quran (as we have seen already) and 'Constitution of Medina', including being in a position of authority to judge disputes between different parties,<ref>Ilkka Lindstedt. 2023. [https://brill.com/display/book/9789004687134/BP000005.xml Muḥammad and His Followers in Context: The Religious Map of Late Antique Arabia.] (Islamic History and Civilization, Volume: 209). Chapter 5. The Rise of the Gentile Prophet in Mecca. pp. 149.</ref> essentially controlling the outcome.
{{Quote|{{Quran|4|59}}|O you who have faith! Obey Allah and obey the Apostle and those vested with authority among you. <b>And if you dispute concerning anything, refer it to Allah and the Apostle,</b> if you have faith in Allah and the Last Day. That is better and more favourable in outcome.}}
=== Jews will not see the miracle they are expecting as previous Jews killed prophets ===
The Jews of Medina were rejecting Muhammad's prophethood as he could not produce a specific miracle they were seemingly expecting.<ref>See commentaries on [https://quranx.com/tafsirs/3.183 Q3:183]</ref> A revelation rebukes this by saying past messengers did this and they were still killed; which seems to be a non-sequitur as these are completely different people who should not be judged on others actions, and a convenient reason to get out of performing a miracle as a sign of prophethood, which other prophets from Allah allegedly did.
{{Quote|{{Quran|3|183}}|Tell those who say, ‘Allah has pledged us not to believe in any apostle unless he brings us an offering consumed by fire,’ ‘Apostles before me certainly did bring you manifest signs and what you speak of. Then why did you kill them, if you are truthful?’}}


==See also==
==See also==
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