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Geocentrism and the Quran: Difference between revisions
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|title=Geocentrism and the Quran | |||
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===Quran 18:83-90 - The sun sets in a muddy spring and rises on a people without shelter=== | ===Quran 18:83-90 - The sun sets in a muddy spring and rises on a people without shelter=== | ||
{{Main|Dhul-Qarnayn and the Sun Setting in a Muddy Spring - Part One|Dhul-Qarnayn and the Sun Setting in a Muddy Spring - Part Two}} | |||
{{Quran-range|18|83|90}} also describes the physical, terrestrial locations where the sun is supposed to rise and set in response to a question about an existing legend. Here, in the Quranic account of life of Dhul Qarnayan or Alexander the Great, the physical setting place of the sun, located in muddy spring, can be seen by human eyes. Indeed, in this account, a human tribe is said to live adjacent to this celestial setting place. | {{Quran-range|18|83|90}} also describes the physical, terrestrial locations where the sun is supposed to rise and set in response to a question about an existing legend. Here, in the Quranic account of life of Dhul Qarnayan or Alexander the Great, the physical setting place of the sun, located in muddy spring, can be seen by human eyes. Indeed, in this account, a human tribe is said to live adjacent to this celestial setting place. | ||
[[Category:Dhul-Qarnayn|Dhul-Qarnayn]] | [[Category:Dhul-Qarnayn|Dhul-Qarnayn]] | ||
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{{Quote|{{Muslim|1|297}}|It is narrated on the authority of Abu Dharr that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) one day said: Do you know where the Sun goes? They replied: Allah and His Apostle know best. He (the Holy Prophet) observed: Verily it (the Sun) glides till it reaches its resting place under the Throne. Then it falls prostrate and remains there until it is asked: Rise up and go to the place whence you came, and it goes back and continues emerging out '''from its rising place''' and then glides till it reaches its place of rest under the Throne and falls prostrate and remains in that state until it is asked: Rise up and return to the place whence you came, and it returns and emerges out from it rising place and the it glides (in such a normal way) that the people do not discern anything (unusual in it) till it reaches its resting place under the Throne. Then it would be said to it: Rise up and emerge out '''from the place of your setting''', and it will rise from the place of its setting. The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said. Do you know when it would happen? It would happen at the time when faith will not benefit one who has not previously believed or has derived no good from the faith.}} | {{Quote|{{Muslim|1|297}}|It is narrated on the authority of Abu Dharr that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) one day said: Do you know where the Sun goes? They replied: Allah and His Apostle know best. He (the Holy Prophet) observed: Verily it (the Sun) glides till it reaches its resting place under the Throne. Then it falls prostrate and remains there until it is asked: Rise up and go to the place whence you came, and it goes back and continues emerging out '''from its rising place''' and then glides till it reaches its place of rest under the Throne and falls prostrate and remains in that state until it is asked: Rise up and return to the place whence you came, and it returns and emerges out from it rising place and the it glides (in such a normal way) that the people do not discern anything (unusual in it) till it reaches its resting place under the Throne. Then it would be said to it: Rise up and emerge out '''from the place of your setting''', and it will rise from the place of its setting. The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said. Do you know when it would happen? It would happen at the time when faith will not benefit one who has not previously believed or has derived no good from the faith.}} | ||
Similar versions of this hadith are found in Sahih Bukhari and elsewhere in Sahih Muslim. In another hadith Muhammad recorded telling the story of an earlier prophet who asked the sun to stop moving, whereafter the sun complied with his request. This hadith is based on the story of Joshua found in the Bible and is also found in Sahih Muslim: | Similar versions of this hadith are found in Sahih Bukhari and elsewhere in Sahih Muslim. | ||
[https://sunnah.com/search?q=sun+rises+from+the+west Many hadith] continue this idea, with the sun rising from the opposite place as a sign of judgement day, such as: | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|160}}|Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "The hour will not be established till <b>the sun rises from the West; and when it rises (from the West)</b> and the people see it, they all will believe. And that is (the time) when no good will it do to a soul to believe then." Then he recited the whole Verse (6.158)}}{{Quote|{{Muslim|41|6931}}|Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) came to us all of a sudden as we were (busy in a discussion). He said: What do you discuss about? They (the Companions) said. We are discussing about the Last Hour. Thereupon he said: It will not come until you see ten signs before and (in this connection) he made a mention of the smoke, Dajjal, the beast, <b>the rising of the sun from the west,</b> the descent of Jesus son of Mary (Allah be pleased with him), the Gog and Magog, and land-slides in three places, one in the east, one in the west and one in Arabia at the end of which fire would burn forth from the Yemen, and would drive people to the place of their assembly.}} | |||
In another hadith Muhammad recorded telling the story of an earlier prophet who asked the sun to stop moving, whereafter the sun complied with his request. This hadith is based on the story of Joshua found in the Bible and is also found in Sahih Muslim<ref>{{Muslim|19|4327}}</ref>: | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|53|353}}|…So, the prophet carried out the expedition and when he reached that town at the time or nearly at the time of the ‘Asr prayer, he said to the sun, ‘'''O sun!''' You are under Allah’s Order and I am under Allah’s Order O Allah! '''Stop it (i.e. the sun) from setting.’''' It was stopped till Allah made him victorious…}} | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|53|353}}|…So, the prophet carried out the expedition and when he reached that town at the time or nearly at the time of the ‘Asr prayer, he said to the sun, ‘'''O sun!''' You are under Allah’s Order and I am under Allah’s Order O Allah! '''Stop it (i.e. the sun) from setting.’''' It was stopped till Allah made him victorious…}} | ||
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==== Classical Commentators ==== | ==== Classical Commentators ==== | ||
It is also notable that no major classical Islamic scholar came up with a heliocentric reading based of the language of the Quran (nor an understanding of our universe close to what we know it is today), as can be seen in their writings, particularly their tafsirs/Quranic commentaries. This includes from the most well-known and influential scholars of all time including al-Tabari, al-Razi, al-Qurtubi, Ibn Abbas, Ibn Kathir, Ibn Taymiyyah, Al Jalalayn, al-Qummi (a prominent Shia scholar), Al-Baghawi and al-Zamakhshari. | It is also notable that no major classical Islamic scholar came up with a heliocentric reading based of the language of the Quran (nor an understanding of our universe close to what we know it is today), as can be seen in their writings, particularly their tafsirs/Quranic commentaries. This includes from the most well-known and influential scholars of all time including al-Tabari,<ref>Commentary from al-Tabari (d. 310 AH) on e.g.: | ||
[https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=1&tSoraNo=18&tAyahNo=86&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1 Verse 18:86:] ''The Almighty says: { Even if he reached } Dhul-Qarnayn { sunset and found it setting in a hot eye }, readers differed in reading that, so some readers of Medina and Basra read it: { in a hot spring } meaning: it sets in a spring of water with sludge, and read by a group of readers of the city, and the general readers of Kufa: «in the eye of Hamia» means that it sets in the spring of hot water..''</ref> al-Razi,<ref>For example, the famous tafsir '''al-Tafsir al-Kabir'' ' of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 1209) (often referred to as Al-Razi), he explains on his ''[https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=4&tSoraNo=7&tAyahNo=54&tDisplay=yes&Page=22&Size=1&LanguageId=1 commentary on Verse 7:54]'', that the sun has two types of movements; one in a day, and one in a year. </ref> al-Qurtubi, Ibn Abbas, Ibn Kathir,<ref>Commentary of Ibn Kathir (d. 1373), for example: | |||
[https://quranx.com/Tafsir/Kathir/91.1 Verse 91.2]'':'' ''(By the moon as it Talaha.) Mujahid said, "It follows it (the sun).<nowiki>''</nowiki> Al-`Awfi reported from Ibn `Abbas that he said..'' | |||
[https://quranx.com/Tafsir/Kathir/36.37 Verse: 36:37] ''(The first view) is that it refers to its fixed course of location, which is beneath the Throne, beyond the earth in that direction. Wherever it goes, it is beneath the Throne [...] When the sun is at its zenith at noon, it is in its closest position to Throne, and when it runs in its fourth orbit at the opposite point to its zenith, at midnight, it is in its furthest position from the Throne. At that point it prostrates and asks for permission to rise...'' | |||
[https://quranx.com/Tafsir/Kathir/21.30 Verse 21:33]: ...''adorned it with heavenly bodies both stationary and moving by night and day, such as the sun which completes its circuit in one day and night, until it completes its allotted time..''</ref> Ibn Taymiyyah, Al Jalalayn,<ref>Commentary of Al-Jalalayn (Jalal ad-Din al-Maḥalli (d. 1460) and Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (d. 1505)) on e.g.: | |||
[https://quranx.com/Tafsir/Jalal/91.2 Verse 91:2] ''and [by] the moon when it follows her, rising after she has set'' | |||
[https://quranx.com/Tafsir/Jalal/21.33 Verse 21:33] ''And He it is Who created the night and the day, and the sun and the moon, [...] in an orbit, a circular [one] like a mill in the sky, swimming, moving with speed, like a swimmer in water..''</ref> al-Qummi (a prominent Shia scholar),<ref>[https://hubeali.com/books/English-Books/TafseerQummi/TafsirQummi-Vol3.pdf Tafsir Qummi Vol. 3] (pp. 32) (on Surah Isra 17:12) Ali Ibne Ibrahim Qummi English Translation: Sayyid Athar Husain S.H. Rizvi | |||
''..So when the sun, moon, stars and planets orbit in the sky, day and night are created... ...Imam (a) said: So, they bring the sun down and it is eclipsed and its color changes. When the Almighty Allah intends to exalt His signs, He places the sun in that sea and a thing through, which the Almighty Allah likes to show fear to His creation is the time of eclipse and in the same way it happens with the moon. When the Almighty Allah intends to bring those two out of there and return them to their orbits, He commands an angel appointed on that sky to return the sun to its orbit and angels puts it back into its orbit and it comes out of the darkness of water and in the same way He brings out the moon...''</ref> Al-Baghawi and al-Zamakhshari. | |||
===Ancient and modern Muslim astronomers=== | ===Ancient and modern Muslim astronomers=== | ||