Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Zakat and Sadaqah: Difference between revisions

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The terms [[Zakat]] (obligatory tax) and Sadaqah (voluntary charity) are sometimes used interchangeably in Islamic literature, with some sources listing zakat as covering also voluntary acts of charity. Although Islamic scholars find Arabic etymologies for both terms, in fact zakat from its Arabic spelling زكاة clearly falls into a class of loan words from Aramaic which also includes [[sala]] صلاة, while the use of "sadaqa" صدقة to mean "alms" for the poor (voluntarily given as an act of religious faith) finds its antecedent in the Aramaic of the Jewish Targum Onqelos. In terms of Islamic theology, the zakat is a tax incumbent on all Muslims, assessed as a percentage of wealth on various possessions such as land and crops. Its main purpose is to support the Muslim poor, but it may also be used for other pursuits of the Islamic State such as [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jihad|jihad]]. The payment of zakat is one of the 5 [[pillars]] of Islam, paying it is thus [[fard|mandatory]] for the believer, and denying the necessity of its payment constitutes an act of [[kufr]] or unbelief.  
The terms [[Zakat]] (obligatory tax) and Sadaqah (voluntary charity) are sometimes used interchangeably in Islamic literature, with some sources listing zakat as covering also voluntary acts of charity. Although Islamic scholars find Arabic etymologies for both terms, in fact zakat from its Arabic spelling زكاة clearly falls into a class of loan words from Aramaic which also includes [[salah]] صلاة, while the use of "sadaqa" صدقة to mean "alms" for the poor (voluntarily given as an act of religious faith) finds its antecedent in the Aramaic of the Jewish Targum Onqelos. In terms of Islamic theology, the zakat is a tax incumbent on all Muslims, assessed as a percentage of wealth on various possessions such as land and crops. Its main purpose is to support the Muslim poor, but it may also be used for other pursuits of the Islamic State such as [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jihad|jihad]]. The payment of zakat is one of the 5 [[pillars]] of Islam, paying it is thus [[fard|mandatory]] for the believer, and denying the necessity of its payment constitutes an act of [[kufr]] or unbelief. {{Quran|9|60}} gives the definitive set of beneficiaries of zakat.


==Qur'an==
==Qur'an==
===Zakat===
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|60}}|Alms are only for the poor and the needy, and the officials (appointed) over them, '''and those whose hearts are made to incline (to truth)''' and the (ransoming of) captives and those in debts and in the way of Allah and the wayfarer; an ordinance from Allah; and Allah is knowing, Wise.}}


{{Quote|{{Quran|2|43}}|Establish worship, pay the poor-due, and bow your heads with those who bow (in worship).}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|43}}|Establish worship, pay the poor-due, and bow your heads with those who bow (in worship).}}


{{Quote|{{Quran|2|219}}|... And they ask thee what they ought to spend. Say: that which is superfluous. Thus Allah maketh plain to you (His) revelations, that haply ye may reflect.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|219}}|... And they ask thee what they ought to spend. Say: that which is superfluous. Thus Allah maketh plain to you (His) revelations, that haply ye may reflect.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|177}}|Righteousness is not that you turn your faces toward the east or the west, but [true] righteousness is [in] one who believes in Allah , the Last Day, the angels, the Book, and the prophets and gives wealth, in spite of love for it, to relatives, orphans, the needy, the traveler, those who ask [for help], and for freeing slaves; [and who] establishes prayer and gives zakah; [those who] fulfill their promise when they promise; and [those who] are patient in poverty and hardship and during battle. Those are the ones who have been true, and it is those who are the righteous.}}


{{Quote|{{Quran|2|254}}|O ye who believe! Spend out of (the bounties) We have provided for you, before the Day comes when no bargaining (Will avail), nor friendship nor intercession. Those who reject Faith they are the wrong-doers.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|254}}|O ye who believe! Spend out of (the bounties) We have provided for you, before the Day comes when no bargaining (Will avail), nor friendship nor intercession. Those who reject Faith they are the wrong-doers.}}
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{{Quote|{{Quran|9|5}}|But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, and seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|5}}|But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, and seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|60}}|Alms are only for the poor and the needy, and the officials (appointed) over them, '''and those whose hearts are made to incline (to truth)''' and the (ransoming of) captives and those in debts and in the way of Allah and the wayfarer; an ordinance from Allah; and Allah is knowing, Wise.}}


{{Quote|{{Quran|9|71}}|And the believers, men and women, are protecting friends one of another; they enjoin the right and forbid the wrong, and they establish worship and they pay the poor-due, and they obey Allah and His messenger. As for these, Allah will have mercy on them. Lo! Allah is Mighty, Wise.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|71}}|And the believers, men and women, are protecting friends one of another; they enjoin the right and forbid the wrong, and they establish worship and they pay the poor-due, and they obey Allah and His messenger. As for these, Allah will have mercy on them. Lo! Allah is Mighty, Wise.}}


{{Quote|{{Quran-range|17|26|29}}|Give the kinsman his due, and the needy, and the wayfarer, and squander not (thy wealth) in wantonness. Lo! the squanderers were ever brothers of the devils, and the devil was ever an ingrate to his Lord. But if thou turn away from them, seeking mercy from thy Lord, for which thou hopest, then speak unto them a reasonable word. And let not thy hand be chained to thy neck nor open it with a complete opening, lest thou sit down rebuked, denuded.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|17|26|29}}|Give the kinsman his due, and the needy, and the wayfarer, and squander not (thy wealth) in wantonness. Lo! the squanderers were ever brothers of the devils, and the devil was ever an ingrate to his Lord. But if thou turn away from them, seeking mercy from thy Lord, for which thou hopest, then speak unto them a reasonable word. And let not thy hand be chained to thy neck nor open it with a complete opening, lest thou sit down rebuked, denuded.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|21|73}}|And We made them leaders guiding by Our command. And We inspired to them the doing of good deeds, establishment of prayer, and giving of zakah; and they were worshippers of Us.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|22|41}}|[And they are] those who, if We give them authority in the land, establish prayer and give zakah and enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong. And to Allah belongs the outcome of [all] matters.}}


{{Quote|{{Quran|28|86}}|And thou hadst not expected that the Book would be sent to thee except as a Mercy from thy Lord: Therefore lend not thou support in any way to those who reject (Allah's Message).}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|28|86}}|And thou hadst not expected that the Book would be sent to thee except as a Mercy from thy Lord: Therefore lend not thou support in any way to those who reject (Allah's Message).}}
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|98|4|5}}|Nor did those who were given the Scripture become divided until after there had come to them clear evidence. And they were not commanded except to worship Allah, [being] sincere to Him in religion, inclining to truth, and to establish prayer and to give zakah. And that is the correct religion.}}
===Sadaqah===
===Give sadaqah===
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|2|262|265}}|Those who spend their wealth in the way of Allah and then do not follow up what they have spent with reminders [of it] or [other] injury will have their reward with their Lord, and there will be no fear concerning them, nor will they grieve.
Kind speech and forgiveness are better than charity followed by injury. And Allah is Free of need and Forbearing.
O you who have believed, do not invalidate your charities with reminders or injury as does one who spends his wealth [only] to be seen by the people and does not believe in Allah and the Last Day. His example is like that of a [large] smooth stone upon which is dust and is hit by a downpour that leaves it bare. They are unable [to keep] anything of what they have earned. And Allah does not guide the disbelieving people.
And the example of those who spend their wealth seeking means to the approval of Allah and assuring [reward for] themselves is like a garden on high ground which is hit by a downpour - so it yields its fruits in double. And [even] if it is not hit by a downpour, then a drizzle [is sufficient]. And Allah, of what you do, is Seeing.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|57|18}}|Indeed, the men who practice charity and the women who practice charity and [they who] have loaned Allah a goodly loan - it will be multiplied for them, and they will have a noble reward.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|273}}|[Charity is] for the poor who have been restricted for the cause of Allah, unable to move about in the land. An ignorant [person] would think them self-sufficient because of their restraint, but you will know them by their [characteristic] sign. They do not ask people persistently [or at all]. And whatever you spend of good - indeed, Allah is Knowing of it.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|83}}|And [recall] when We took the covenant from the Children of Israel, [enjoining upon them], "Do not worship except Allah; and to parents do good and to relatives, orphans, and the needy. And speak to people good [words] and establish prayer and give zakah." Then you turned away, except a few of you, and you were refusing.}}
===Give only from good earnings===
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|69}}|O you who have believed, spend from the good things which you have earned and from that which We have produced for you from the earth. And do not aim toward the defective therefrom, spending [from that] while you would not take it [yourself] except with closed eyes. And know that Allah is Free of need and Praiseworthy.}}
===Better to give in secret===
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|2|270|271}}|And whatever you spend of expenditures or make of vows - indeed, Allah knows of it. And for the wrongdoers there are no helpers. If you disclose your charitable expenditures, they are good; but if you conceal them and give them to the poor, it is better for you, and He will remove from you some of your misdeeds [thereby]. And Allah, with what you do, is [fully] Acquainted.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|274}}|Those who spend their wealth [in Allah 's way] by night and by day, secretly and publicly - they will have their reward with their Lord. And no fear will there be concerning them, nor will they grieve.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|4|38}}|And [also] those who spend of their wealth to be seen by the people and believe not in Allah nor in the Last Day. And he to whom Satan is a companion - then evil is he as a companion.}}
===Do not judge those who can give little===
{{Quote|{{Quran|9|79}}|Those who criticize the contributors among the believers concerning [their] charities and [criticize] the ones who find nothing [to spend] except their effort, so they ridicule them - Allah will ridicule them, and they will have a painful punishment.}}


==Hadith==
==Hadith==


===Sahih Bukhari===
===Sahih===
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|2|23|480}}|Narrated Abu Huraira:
 
A Bedouin came to the Prophet (ﷺ) and said, "Tell me of such a deed as will make me enter Paradise, if I do it." The Prophet (p.b.u.h) said, "Worship Allah, and worship none along with Him, offer the (five) prescribed compulsory prayers perfectly, pay the compulsory Zakat, and fast the month of Ramadan." The Bedouin said, "By Him, in Whose Hands my life is, I will not do more than this." When he (the Bedouin) left, the Prophet (ﷺ) said, "Whoever likes to see a man of Paradise, then he may look at this man." Narrated Abu Zur'a: From the Prophet (ﷺ) the same as above.}}


{{Quote|{{Bukhari|2|24|486}}|Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle said, "Whoever is made wealthy by Allah and does not pay the Zakat of his wealth, then on the Day of Resurrection his wealth will be made like a bald-headed poisonous male snake with two black spots over the eyes. The snake will encircle his neck and bite his cheeks and say, 'I am your wealth, I am your treasure.' " Then the Prophet recited the holy verses:-- 'Let not those who withhold . . .' (to the end of the verse). (3.180).}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|2|24|486}}|Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle said, "Whoever is made wealthy by Allah and does not pay the Zakat of his wealth, then on the Day of Resurrection his wealth will be made like a bald-headed poisonous male snake with two black spots over the eyes. The snake will encircle his neck and bite his cheeks and say, 'I am your wealth, I am your treasure.' " Then the Prophet recited the holy verses:-- 'Let not those who withhold . . .' (to the end of the verse). (3.180).}}
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|2|24|556}}|Narrated Sad (bin Abi Waqqas): Allah's Apostle distributed something (from the resources of Zakat) amongst a group of people while I was sitting amongst them, but he left a man whom I considered the best of the lot. So, I went up to Allah's Apostle and asked him secretly, "Why have you left that person? By Allah! I consider him a believer." The Prophet said, "Or merely a Muslim (Who surrender to Allah)." I remained quiet for a while but could not help repeating my question because of what I knew about him. I said, "O Allah's Apostle! Why have you left that person? By Allah! I consider him a believer. " The Prophet said, "Or merely a Muslim." I remained quiet for a while but could not help repeating my question because of what I knew about him. I said, "O Allah's Apostle! Why have you left that person? By Allah! I consider him a believer." The Prophet said, "Or merely a Muslim." Then '''Allah's Apostle (p.b.u.h) said, "I give to a person while another is dearer to me, for fear that he may be thrown in the Hell-fire on his face (by renegating from Islam)."'''}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|2|24|556}}|Narrated Sad (bin Abi Waqqas): Allah's Apostle distributed something (from the resources of Zakat) amongst a group of people while I was sitting amongst them, but he left a man whom I considered the best of the lot. So, I went up to Allah's Apostle and asked him secretly, "Why have you left that person? By Allah! I consider him a believer." The Prophet said, "Or merely a Muslim (Who surrender to Allah)." I remained quiet for a while but could not help repeating my question because of what I knew about him. I said, "O Allah's Apostle! Why have you left that person? By Allah! I consider him a believer. " The Prophet said, "Or merely a Muslim." I remained quiet for a while but could not help repeating my question because of what I knew about him. I said, "O Allah's Apostle! Why have you left that person? By Allah! I consider him a believer." The Prophet said, "Or merely a Muslim." Then '''Allah's Apostle (p.b.u.h) said, "I give to a person while another is dearer to me, for fear that he may be thrown in the Hell-fire on his face (by renegating from Islam)."'''}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|182}}|Narrated Abu Huraira:
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "The Kanz (money, the Zakat of which is not paid) of anyone of you will appear in the form of bald-headed poisonous male snake on the Day of Resurrection."}}


===Sahih Muslim===
===Sahih Muslim===
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{{Quote|{{Muslim|5|2313}}|Abdullah b. Zaid reported that '''when the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) conquered Hunain he distributed the booty, and he bestowed upon those whose hearts it was intended to win'''. It was conveyed to him (the Holy Prophet) that the Ansar cherished a desire that they should be given (that very portion) which the people (of Quraish) had got. Upon this the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) stood up and, after having praised Allah and lauded Him, addressed them thus: 0 people of Ansar, did I not find you erring and Allah guided you aright through me, and (in the state of) being destitute and Allah made you free from want through me, and in a state of disunity and Allah united you through me, and they (the Ansar) said: Allah and His Messenger are most benevolent. He (again) said: Why do you not answer me? They said: Allah and His Messenger are the most benevolent. He said, If you wish you should say so and so, and the event (should take) such and such course (and in this connection he made a mention) of so many things. 'Amr is under the impressionthat he has not been able to remember them. He (the Holy Prophet) further said: Don't you feel happy (over this state of affairs) that the people should go away with goats and camels, and you go to your places along with the Messenger of Allah? The Ansar are inner garments (more close to me) and (other) people are outer garments. Had there not been migration, I would have been a man from among the Ansar. If the people were to tread a valley or a narrow path, I would tread the valley (chosen) by the Ansar or narrow path (trodden) by them. And you would soon find after me preferences (over you in getting material benefits). So you should show patience till you meet me at the Haud (Kauthar).}}
{{Quote|{{Muslim|5|2313}}|Abdullah b. Zaid reported that '''when the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) conquered Hunain he distributed the booty, and he bestowed upon those whose hearts it was intended to win'''. It was conveyed to him (the Holy Prophet) that the Ansar cherished a desire that they should be given (that very portion) which the people (of Quraish) had got. Upon this the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) stood up and, after having praised Allah and lauded Him, addressed them thus: 0 people of Ansar, did I not find you erring and Allah guided you aright through me, and (in the state of) being destitute and Allah made you free from want through me, and in a state of disunity and Allah united you through me, and they (the Ansar) said: Allah and His Messenger are most benevolent. He (again) said: Why do you not answer me? They said: Allah and His Messenger are the most benevolent. He said, If you wish you should say so and so, and the event (should take) such and such course (and in this connection he made a mention) of so many things. 'Amr is under the impressionthat he has not been able to remember them. He (the Holy Prophet) further said: Don't you feel happy (over this state of affairs) that the people should go away with goats and camels, and you go to your places along with the Messenger of Allah? The Ansar are inner garments (more close to me) and (other) people are outer garments. Had there not been migration, I would have been a man from among the Ansar. If the people were to tread a valley or a narrow path, I would tread the valley (chosen) by the Ansar or narrow path (trodden) by them. And you would soon find after me preferences (over you in getting material benefits). So you should show patience till you meet me at the Haud (Kauthar).}}
{{Quote|{{Muslim|18|4286}}|Abd Shuraib al-Adawi reported:
My ear listened and my eye saw when Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) spoke and said: He who believes In Allah and the eireafter should show respect to the guest even with utmost kindness and courtesy. They said: Messenger of Allah, what is this utmost kindness and courtesy? He replied: It is for a day and a night. Hospitality extends for three days, and what is beyond that is a Sadaqa for him; and he who believes in Allah and the Hereafter should say something good or keep quiet.}}


===Al-Nasai===
===Al-Nasai===
{{Quote|{{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/nasai/25/102 |title=Sunan al-Nasai |publisher= |author= |date= |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140819181248/http://sunnah.com/nasai/25/102 |deadurl=no}}|It was narrated that Khuraim bin Fatik said: "The Messenger of Allah said: 'Whoever spends in the cause of Allah, it will be recorded for him seven hundred fold.'"<ref>This means the reward will be 700-fold.</ref> (Sahih)}}
{{Quote|{{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/nasai/25/102 |title=Sunan al-Nasai |publisher= |author= |date= |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140819181248/http://sunnah.com/nasai/25/102 |deadurl=no}}|It was narrated that Khuraim bin Fatik said: "The Messenger of Allah said: 'Whoever spends in the cause of Allah, it will be recorded for him seven hundred fold.'"<ref>This means the reward will be 700-fold.</ref> (Sahih)}}
===Al Tirmidhi===
{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||4|25|1956}}|Abu Dharr narrated that the Messenger of Allah said :
"Your smiling in the face of your brother is charity, commanding good and forbidding evil is charity, your giving directions to a man lost in the land is charity for you. Your seeing for a man with bad sight is a charity for you, your removal of a rock, a thorn or a bone from the road is charity for you. Your pouring what remains from your bucket into the bucket of your brother is charity for you."}}


==Scholars==
==Scholars==
===Zakat as an obligation===


===Not for Non-Muslims===
{{Quote|{{cite web|url=http://bewley.virtualave.net/Riszakat.html |title=The Risala of 'Abdullah ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani (922-996): A Treatise on Maliki Fiqh |publisher= |author= |date= |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20170106100112/http://bewley.virtualave.net/Riszakat.html |deadurl=no}}|'''25.1 Its Ruling'''
 
'''It is obligatory to pay zakat on money, crops and livestock.'''
 
[Money consists gold and silver and is mentioned in respect to the tradition. What is mentioned of gold and silver is called "specie" ('ayn) by its honour. Crops consists of food groups used for life in general. Livestock refers to camels, cattle, and sheep and goats.
 
'''Zakat became an obligation in the second year of Hijra. The evidence for its obligatory nature is the Book, Sunna and consensus. Whoever disputes its obligatory nature is an unbeliever. If someone affirms that it is obligatory but refuses to pay it, he is beaten and it is taken from him by force''' and that is enough: he is not an unbeliever. Ibn Habib says he is an unbeliever, but this is unlikely.}}
 
===Zakat (but not sadaqah) limited to Muslims===


{{Quote|1=[http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=1527&CATE=5 <!-- Back up http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fqa.sunnipath.com%2Fissue_view.asp%3FHD%3D1%26ID%3D1527%26CATE%3D5&date=2011-10-02 -->Zakat Cannot Be Given To Non-Muslims]<BR>Shaykh Faraz Rabbani, SunniPath Q&A, July 3, 2005|2=There is '''scholarly consensus (ijma`) that zakat cannot be given to non-Muslims''', as mentioned by Ibn al-Mundhir, Kasani, Ibn Qudama, Buhuti, and others.
{{Quote|1=[http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=1527&CATE=5 <!-- Back up http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fqa.sunnipath.com%2Fissue_view.asp%3FHD%3D1%26ID%3D1527%26CATE%3D5&date=2011-10-02 -->Zakat Cannot Be Given To Non-Muslims]<BR>Shaykh Faraz Rabbani, SunniPath Q&A, July 3, 2005|2=There is '''scholarly consensus (ijma`) that zakat cannot be given to non-Muslims''', as mentioned by Ibn al-Mundhir, Kasani, Ibn Qudama, Buhuti, and others.
Line 149: Line 209:
'''h8.24''' - '''It is not permissible to give zakat to a non-Muslim''', or to someone whom one is obliged to support (def: m12.1), such as a wife or family member.}}
'''h8.24''' - '''It is not permissible to give zakat to a non-Muslim''', or to someone whom one is obliged to support (def: m12.1), such as a wife or family member.}}


===Spend on Jihad===
===Jihad===


{{Quote|Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Fiqh az-Zakat: A Comparative Study|The most honorable form of jihad nowadays is fighting for the liberation of Muslim land from the domination of unbelievers, regardless of their religion or ideology. The communist and the capitalist, the Westerner and the Easterner, Christian, Jew, pagan or unbeliever, all are aggressors when they attack and occupy Muslim land. Fighting in defence of the home of Islam is obligatory until the enemy is driven away and Muslims are liberated.<BR>. . .<BR>
{{Quote|Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Fiqh az-Zakat: A Comparative Study|The most honorable form of jihad nowadays is fighting for the liberation of Muslim land from the domination of unbelievers, regardless of their religion or ideology. The communist and the capitalist, the Westerner and the Easterner, Christian, Jew, pagan or unbeliever, all are aggressors when they attack and occupy Muslim land. Fighting in defence of the home of Islam is obligatory until the enemy is driven away and Muslims are liberated.<BR>. . .<BR>
Line 199: Line 259:
THOSE FIGHTING FOR ALLAH
THOSE FIGHTING FOR ALLAH
'''h8.17''' - '''The seventh category is those fighting for Allah, meaning people engaged in Islamic military operations''' for whom no salary has been allotted in the army roster (O: but who are volunteers for jihad without remuneration). They are given enough to suffice them for the operation, even if affluent; of weapons, mounts, clothing, and expenses (O: for the duration of the journey, round trip, and the time they spend there, even if prolonged. Though nothing has been mentioned here of the expense involved in supporting such people's families during this period, it seems clear that they should also be given it).}}
'''h8.17''' - '''The seventh category is those fighting for Allah, meaning people engaged in Islamic military operations''' for whom no salary has been allotted in the army roster (O: but who are volunteers for jihad without remuneration). They are given enough to suffice them for the operation, even if affluent; of weapons, mounts, clothing, and expenses (O: for the duration of the journey, round trip, and the time they spend there, even if prolonged. Though nothing has been mentioned here of the expense involved in supporting such people's families during this period, it seems clear that they should also be given it).}}
===Zakat as an obligation===
{{Quote|{{cite web|url=http://bewley.virtualave.net/Riszakat.html |title=The Risala of 'Abdullah ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani (922-996): A Treatise on Maliki Fiqh |publisher= |author= |date= |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20170106100112/http://bewley.virtualave.net/Riszakat.html |deadurl=no}}|'''25.1 Its Ruling'''
'''It is obligatory to pay zakat on money, crops and livestock.'''
[Money consists gold and silver and is mentioned in respect to the tradition. What is mentioned of gold and silver is called "specie" ('ayn) by its honour. Crops consists of food groups used for life in general. Livestock refers to camels, cattle, and sheep and goats.
'''Zakat became an obligation in the second year of Hijra. The evidence for its obligatory nature is the Book, Sunna and consensus. Whoever disputes its obligatory nature is an unbeliever. If someone affirms that it is obligatory but refuses to pay it, he is beaten and it is taken from him by force''' and that is enough: he is not an unbeliever. Ibn Habib says he is an unbeliever, but this is unlikely.}}


==Shia hadith==
==Shia hadith==
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