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Child Marriage in the Qur'an: Difference between revisions
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→Linguistic Analysis of Verse in Arabic
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{{Quote|{{Quran|65|4}}| {{right| | {{Quote|{{Quran|65|4}}| {{right| | ||
واللائي لم يحضن | واللائي لم يحضن | ||
}} | }} | ||
"and those who never had menses" | "and those who never had menses" }} | ||
The transliteration of the verse and the meaning of each portion of the verse is given below: | The transliteration of this part of the verse and the meaning of each portion of the verse is given below: | ||
''واللائي لم يحضن" | ''واللائي لم يحضن"'' | ||
''Wa Al-Lā'ī Lam Yaĥiđna'' | ''Wa Al-Lā'ī Lam Yaĥiđna'' | ||
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The imperfective aspect, according to traditional understanding of classical Arabic grammar, by itself lacks any tense feature (as is true of other classical Semetic languages such as Hebrew). <ref name="EB" /> The tensed negatives like ''lam'' ( <font size="3">لَمْ </font> ) (negation in past tense), ''lan'' ( <font size="3">لن</font> ) (negation in future tense), ''laa'' ( لا) (negation in present tense) combined with imperfective (in different moods) decide the tense in the case of a negative sentence. | The imperfective aspect, according to traditional understanding of classical Arabic grammar, by itself lacks any tense feature (as is true of other classical Semetic languages such as Hebrew). <ref name="EB" /> The tensed negatives like ''lam'' ( <font size="3">لَمْ </font> ) (negation in past tense), ''lan'' ( <font size="3">لن</font> ) (negation in future tense), ''laa'' ( لا) (negation in present tense) combined with imperfective (in different moods) decide the tense in the case of a negative sentence. | ||
Thus ''lam Yadrus لم يدرس'' = He did not study. The verb is in the imperfect tense, but the | Thus ''lam Yadrus لم يدرس'' = He did not study. The verb is in the imperfect tense, but the particle ''lam'' لم conveys a meaning of a simple, negated past, whereas لن يدرس ''lan yadrusa''=he will not study, with ''lan'' لن carrying the negative, future meaning of "will not." | ||
In the verse 65:4, '''''Lam Yaĥiđna'' لم يحضن= 'those who did not menstruate'.''' The meaning here is that the females being referred to have not, yet, menstruated, ie they are pre-pubescent. | In the verse 65:4, '''''Lam Yaĥiđna'' لم يحضن= 'those who did not menstruate'.''' The meaning here is that the females being referred to have not, yet, menstruated, ie they are pre-pubescent. | ||
The imperfective verb in the with the negation particle ''lam'' ( <font size="3">لَمْ </font> ) (indicating a past-tense meaning) is in the [[w:Grammatical mood#Jussive|Jussive]] mood(يعني المضارع المجزوم). <ref name="EB" /> | The imperfective verb in the with the negation particle ''lam'' ( <font size="3">لَمْ </font> ) (indicating a past-tense meaning) is in the [[w:Grammatical mood#Jussive|Jussive]] mood(يعني المضارع المجزوم). <ref name="EB" /> The verb in this clause is likewise in the jussive mood. | ||
{{Quote||'''The mood is similar to the cohortative mood, in that it expresses plea, insistence, imploring, self-encouragement, wish, desire, intent, command, purpose or consequence.''' In some languages, the two are distinguished in that cohortative occurs in the first person and the jussive in the second or third. It is found in Arabic, where it is called the مجزوم, majzum. The rules governing the jussive in Arabic are somewhat complex. <ref>[[w:Grammatical mood#Jussive|Jussive]] - Wikipedia</ref>|}} | {{Quote||'''The mood is similar to the cohortative mood, in that it expresses plea, insistence, imploring, self-encouragement, wish, desire, intent, command, purpose or consequence.''' In some languages, the two are distinguished in that cohortative occurs in the first person and the jussive in the second or third. It is found in Arabic, where it is called the مجزوم, majzum. The rules governing the jussive in Arabic are somewhat complex. <ref>[[w:Grammatical mood#Jussive|Jussive]] - Wikipedia</ref>|}} | ||
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<br />lam = Negative particle giving to the present the sense of the perfect; not.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.co.uk/13_LAM.htm Lam = ل] - StudyQuran</ref>}} | <br />lam = Negative particle giving to the present the sense of the perfect; not.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.co.uk/13_LAM.htm Lam = ل] - StudyQuran</ref>}} | ||
From the Lexicon, Arabic word for Menstruate is ' | From the Lexicon, Arabic word for Menstruate is 'HaiD' ({{arabic|حيض}}): | ||
{{Quote|1= Lane's Lexicon for ''Haa''|2=Ha-Ya-Dad (Ha-Alif-Dad) = To have her courses, menstruate; Her blood flowed from her womb, to attain the age of menstruation, to make a thing flow. | {{Quote|1= Lane's Lexicon for ''Haa''|2=Ha-Ya-Dad (Ha-Alif-Dad) = To have her courses, menstruate; Her blood flowed from her womb, to attain the age of menstruation, to make a thing flow. | ||
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Lane's Lexicon, Volume 2, page: 322, 323<ref>[http://www.studyquran.co.uk/9_HAA.htm ح = Ha] - StudyQuran</ref>}} | Lane's Lexicon, Volume 2, page: 322, 323<ref>[http://www.studyquran.co.uk/9_HAA.htm ح = Ha] - StudyQuran</ref>}} | ||
It thus follows that 65:4 is describing the state of women have not yet menstruated, which would logically | It thus follows that 65:4 is describing the state of women have not yet menstruated, which would logically includes children or girls before puberty or attainment of [[w:menarche|menarche]] (first period). This implication, as seen below, was also drawn by the majors [[tafsir|tafsirs]]. | ||
The exact translation of this portion of {{Quran|65|4}} is thus ''"Not menstruated yet"'' ( <font size="4">لَمْ يَحِضْنَ</font> ). In Arabic, the menstruation process is called HaiD( <font size="4">حيض</font> ), and the verb for "to menstruate" is yaHiD( <font size="4">يَحِض</font> ), with the noun likely being derivative of the verb (as with most but not all derivations in Arabic). The | The exact translation of this portion of {{Quran|65|4}} is thus ''"Not menstruated yet"'' ( <font size="4">لَمْ يَحِضْنَ</font> ). In Arabic, the menstruation process is called HaiD( <font size="4">حيض</font> ), and the verb for "to menstruate" is yaHiD( <font size="4">يَحِض</font> ), with the noun likely being derivative of the verb (as with most but not all derivations in Arabic). The ''lam'' ( <font size="4">لَمْ </font> )clearly shows that the verb refers to women who menstruated, and the na ( <font size="4">نَ</font> ) at the end of the verb drives home the point that this verb speaks of women, as it indicates that the verb refers to a group of women as the subject of the verb. “Not menstruated yet” or some other translation that carries the meaning of girls who have not yet menstruated would be the only acceptable English translations. | ||
This verse 65:4 is read by the tafsirs as a continuation of Qur'an 33:49. A question that naturally arises from these verses, and which was more or less answered by the mufassiruun, is 'if a woman who has not had sex should not have to observe any | This verse 65:4 is read by the tafsirs as a continuation of Qur'an 33:49. A question that naturally arises from these verses, and which was more or less answered by the mufassiruun, is 'if a woman who has not had sex should not have to observe any 'iddah at all, as mentioned in 33:49, why does 65:4 specifically mention a waiting period for women who have not had any menstruation at all?' Since lawful shari'i sex can only happen with a free, believing woman if she is married, and since a woman has to be married first in order to be divorced, the answer seems to be that marrying pre-pubescent girls and having sex with them is sanctioned by the Qur'an. | ||
The phrase found in Qur'an 65:4 as " | The phrase found in Qur'an 65:4 as "walla'ee lam yaHiDna" واللائي لم يحضن is sometimes mistranslated by [[apologists]] by apologists to mask the fact that pre-pubescent girls are normally understood as the intended meaning here; the exact meaning of the phrase is clearly understood this way in the [[Tafsir]]<nowiki/>s. | ||
==Tafsirs of the Verse== | ==Tafsirs of the Verse== | ||