Jak islámští vynálezci nezměnili svět: Difference between revisions

Roku 1258, mongolové používali gunpowder-propelled fire arrows in their effort

to capture the Arab city of Baghdad. The Mongols reportedly launched gunpowder propelled fire

arrows from ships during their attacks on Japan in 1274 and 1281. By the end of the 13th century, armies of Japan, Java, Korea, and India are believed to have acquired sufficient knowledge of gunpowder propelled fire arrows to begin using them against the Mongols. Use of the weapons quickly spread throughout Asia and Eastern Europe.  

At the same time gunpowder propelled fire arrows were blazing in battle, scientific papers on the subject of the preparation of gunpowder and its application in weaponry were being published in Europe. Notable works were prepared by Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus, and Marchus Graecus before the close of the 13^th Century. In 1379, an Italian named Muratori used the word "rochetta" when he described types of gunpowder propelled fire arrows used in medieval times. This is believed to be the first use of the word later translated in English as "rocket".<ref>Cliff Lethbridge, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.spaceline.org/history/1.html|2=2011-02-10}} History of Rocketry: Ancient Times Through the 17th Century], Spaceline</ref>

Zahrady byly arabskou tradicí dlouho před islámem, takže aby islám tvrdil, že je to jeho vynález je ignorace tisíců let před-islámské arabské kultury, not to mention the legendary Hanging Gardens of Babylon which were built by the Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 BC to please his sick wife, Amytis of Media.<ref>Karen Polinger Foster, [{{Reference archive|1=http://environment.research.yale.edu/documents/downloads/0-9/103foster.pdf|2=2011-02-10}} Gardens of Eden: Exotic Flora and Fauna in the Ancient Near East], Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Yale University</ref> It also ignores the Roman tradition of gardens and fountains used for meditation and the beautifully artistic Chinese Suzhou gardens (770–476 BC) which were designed specifically for relaxation.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.china.org.cn/english/e-sz/jtnr.htm?infoid=95977|2=2011-02-10}} Suzhou gardens], China Internet Information Center, May 19, 2004</ref> The oldest pictorial records of gardens are from Ancient Egyptian tomb paintings. Much like modern gardens, they came complete with shelters, pools, shady walks, pergolas, and plants growing in terracotta pots. In ancient times, temples contained what would be recognised as gardens. When they were closed to the public they became compounds for priests. Planting positions have been located in the Egyptian Temples of Hatshseput and Mentuhotep, and the Greek Temple of Hephaistos.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.gardenvisit.com/history_theory/garden_landscape_design_articles/garden_types/domestic_garden|2=2011-02-10}} Domestic garden], GardenVisit</ref> Also one of the centerpieces of a Roman period home was the ''oeci'' or (peristyle) garden. Sometimes the center included a fish pond or swimming pool instead of a garden. Depending on the size of the home, the floorplan could continue indefinitely, with gardens leading to rooms leading to other gardens.<ref name="The Roman House"></ref>