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In the [[Qur'an]] and [[Hadith]], the term '''People of the Book''' (أهل الكتاب ′Ahl al-Kitāb) is used to refer to followers of certain [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] faiths which pre-date the advent of [[Islam]]. In particular, it refers to the Christian, Jewish, and Sabian faiths.<ref>"...''Those who believe and those who are Jews and Christians, and Sabians''..." - {{Quran|2|62}}</ref> This page contains summaries of articles discussing the relationship between Islam and the People of the Book. | {{QualityScore|Lead=2|Structure=4|Content=3|Language=3|References=4}} | ||
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In the [[Qur'an]] and [[Hadith]], the term '''People of the Book''' (أهل الكتاب ′Ahl al-Kitāb) is used to refer to followers of certain [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] faiths which pre-date the advent of [[Islam]]. In particular, it refers to the Christian, Jewish, and Sabian (and Zoroastrian) faiths.<ref>"...''Those who believe and those who are Jews and Christians, and Sabians''..." - {{Quran|2|62}}</ref> This page contains summaries of articles discussing the relationship between Islam and the People of the Book. | |||
{{Core}} | {{Core}} | ||
==Revealed Scriptures== | ==Revealed Scriptures== | ||
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{{Main|Taurat}} | {{Main|Taurat}} | ||
The Qur'an talks of the '' Taurat/Tawrah '' | The Qur'an talks of the '' Taurat/Tawrah '' ( توراة ) referring to the Torah - the first five books of the Jewish Bible (also known as the Pentateuch); found in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. Some Muslims and scholars believe it refers to the entire Old Testament, but this view is not widely held. | ||
===The Psalms=== | ===The Psalms=== | ||
{{Main|Zabur}} | {{Main|Zabur}} | ||
The ''Zabur'' mentioned in the Qur'an refers to the ''Psalms'' of the Old Testament. The Qur'an asserts that the Zabur is one of the 3 Previous Revelations of Allah | The ''Zabur,'' mentioned 3 times in the Qur'an, refers to the ''Psalms'' of the Old Testament. The Qur'an asserts that the Zabur is one of the 3 Previous Revelations of Allah. | ||
===The New Testament/Four Gospels=== | ===The New Testament/Four Gospels=== | ||
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==Incompatibility with Previous Revelations== | ==Incompatibility with Previous Revelations== | ||
=== | ===Qur'an 2:79 and the Corruption of the Previous Scriptures=== | ||
{{Main|Corruption of Previous Scriptures (Qur'an 2:79)|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Corruption of Previous Scriptures}} | {{Main|Corruption of Previous Scriptures (Qur'an 2:79)|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Corruption of Previous Scriptures}} | ||
It is a common belief | It is a common Islamic belief that the Qur'an states that the previous scriptures (the Taurat and Injil) have been physically corrupted by those who were charged with safeguarding it (the Jews and Christians). Thus, it is claimed, the Qur'an is the 'return' to the true message of the God of the Bible. The following verse (2:79) is generally advanced as evidence. | ||
{{ quote | {{Quran|2|79}}|'''Shakir:''' Woe, then, to those who write the book with their hands and then say: This is from Allah, so that they may take for it a small price; therefore woe to them for what their hands have written and woe to them for what they earn.}} | {{quote | {{Quran|2|79}}|'''Shakir:''' Woe, then, to those who write the book with their hands and then say: This is from Allah, so that they may take for it a small price; therefore woe to them for what their hands have written and woe to them for what they earn.}} | ||
The above article examines what the Qur'an says about the Taurat and Injil and examines verse 2:79 in this own context, and considers whether the doctrine of the corruption of previous scriptures is indeed found in the Qur'an. | |||
===Contradictions in Qur'anic Christology=== | ===Contradictions in Qur'anic Christology=== | ||
{{Main|Contradictions in Qur'anic Christology}} | {{Main|Contradictions in Qur'anic Christology}} | ||
This article looks at the Qur'anic conception of Christ as well as ''how the Qur'an describes'' the Biblical and Christian conception of Christ, especially in contrast with the Biblical and historical, Christian conception of Christ. There are surprising differences, and it is generally agreed that what the Qur'an understood to be Christian christology (not the Qur'an's own conception of Christ) was not reflective of how Christians have, in fact, generally understood Christ. | |||
===Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures=== | ===Parallelism Between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures=== | ||
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The similarities between the Qur'an and previous scriptures has been noted since the advent of Islam. However, the Judeo-Christian tales and their Qur'anic counterparts do not always match. There are three explanations for this: | The similarities between the Qur'an and previous scriptures has been noted since the advent of Islam. However, the Judeo-Christian tales and their Qur'anic counterparts do not always match. There are three explanations for this: | ||
#The original Judeo-Christian scriptures have been corrupted (as Muslims like to claim). | |||
This | #Muhammad imperfectly borrowed from the Judeo-Christian scriptures. | ||
#The Qur'an has been corrupted. | |||
This series of articles looks at the following parallelisms between the Qur'an and Judeo-Christian Scriptures: | |||
{{col-begin|width=885px}} | {{col-begin|width=885px}} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
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*and Abraham & the idols. | *and Abraham & the idols. | ||
{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
Furthermore, the claim that the Quran describes the Judeo-Christians scriptures as "corrupted" [[Corruption of Previous Scriptures (Qur'an 2:79)|has been substantially critiqued, and is most probably untrue]]. | |||
==Biblical and Islamic Figures== | ==Biblical and Islamic Figures== | ||
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{{Main|Hubal|Allah the Best Deceiver|Allah the Polytheist}} | {{Main|Hubal|Allah the Best Deceiver|Allah the Polytheist}} | ||
According to Islam, ''Allāh'' is the Creator of the Universe. Allah does not mean 'God' but rather '' 'the God' ''<ref name=EM/> and is thus | According to Islam, ''Allāh'' is the Creator of the Universe. Allah does not mean 'God' but rather ''<nowiki/>'the God' ''<ref name="EM" /> and is thus reflective of the polytheistic environment from where Islam emerged. In the pre-Islamic era, Allah was the supreme creator god of the Arabs, a moon god who lived in a rock located in the Ka'aba.<ref name="EM">[http://www.pantheon.org/articles/a/allah.html "Allah"] - Encyclopedia Mythica from Encyclopedia Mythica Online; Accessed June 15, 2007.</ref> Yet he was still only one god among the many others they believed in.<ref name="MG">[http://www.biblebelievers.org.au/moongod.htm "Moon God"]- Allah - the Moon God.</ref> The goddesses; ''Allāt'' (the feminine form of “Allah”, meaning '' 'the goddess' ''),<ref>Arne A. Ambros, and Stephan Procházka - [http://jis.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/3/400.extract A Concise Dictionary of Koranic Arabic (p. 306)] - Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3895004006</ref> ''Manat'', and ''al-Uzza'' were Allah's daughters.<ref name="EM" /> | ||
===Jesus Christ=== | ===Jesus Christ=== | ||
{{Main|Isa al-Masih | {{Main|Isa al-Masih}} | ||
In Islam, ''Isa al-Masih'' (عيسى المسي usually translated as ''Jesus Christ'') is | In [[Islam]], '''Isa al-Masih''' (عيسى المسي usually translated as ''Jesus Christ'') is believed to be a prophet, second in rank to [[Muhammad]], and not the son of God. Indeed, associating divinity with Jesus is decried as blasphemy in the Qur'an time and again. | ||
===The Virgin Mary=== | ===The Virgin Mary=== | ||
{{Main|Allah and Marys Vagina|l1=Allah and Mary's Vagina (Qur'an 21:91 & 66:12)}} | {{Main|Allah and Marys Vagina|l1=Allah and Mary's Vagina (Qur'an 21:91 & 66:12)}} | ||
The Qur'anic verses 21:91 and 66:12 in conjunction with the tafsir's, tell us the angel Jibreel was sent to breathe Allah's spirit into ''Maryam'''s (مريم Mary's) vagina. {{Quran|5|116}} tells us the Trinity consists of three separate gods, which are the Father (God), the Mother (Virgin Mary) and the Son (Jesus), and due to | The Qur'anic verses 21:91 and 66:12 in conjunction with the tafsir's, tell us the angel Jibreel was sent to breathe Allah's spirit into ''Maryam'''s (مريم Mary's) vagina. {{Quran|5|116}} tells us the Trinity consists of three separate gods, which are the Father (God), the Mother (Virgin Mary) and the Son (Jesus), and due to the Qur'an's apparent ignorance of the Trinity doctrine, Islam generally consider Trinitarian Christians to be polytheists. Also, according to Muhammad, Mary will be one of his wives in paradise. | ||
{{Quote|al-Siyuti (6/395)|Muhammad said, “In heaven, Mary mother of Jesus, will be one of my wives.”}} | {{Quote|al-Siyuti (6/395)|Muhammad said, “In heaven, Mary mother of Jesus, will be one of my wives.”}} | ||
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{{Main|Angel Jibreel|Gabriel and the Holy Spirit}} | {{Main|Angel Jibreel|Gabriel and the Holy Spirit}} | ||
According to Islamic scriptures, ''Jibreel'' (جبريل Gabriel) is the angel who first appeared to Muhammad in the cave of Hijra and taught Muhammad the Qur'an. The initial experience frightened Muhammad, and originally thinking he was possessed by a demon, the Islamic prophet became suicidal. | According to Islamic scriptures, ''Jibreel'' (جبريل Gabriel) is the angel who first appeared to Muhammad in the cave of Hijra and taught Muhammad the Qur'an. The initial experience frightened Muhammad, and originally thinking he was possessed by a demon, the Islamic prophet became, according to his own account, suicidal for a period of time (being prevented from jumping off a cliff multiple times by Gabriel himself). | ||
==Under Islamic Rule== | ==Under Islamic Rule== | ||
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{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude|Dhimmitude}} | {{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude|Dhimmitude}} | ||
The term ''Dhimmitude'' is derived from ''Dhimmi'', which means a non-Muslim living in an Islamic country | The term ''Dhimmitude'' is derived from ''Dhimmi'', which means a non-Muslim living in an Islamic country. According to orthodox Islamic law, those who are qualified for the second-class Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians, who agree to pay the jizyah, a religious tax whose purpose is to "humiliate" or "subdue" non-Muslims (as stated explicitly in {{Quran|9|29}}). Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to Islam; if they refuse, they are to be forced to convert, or face enslavement or execution. | ||
According to the respected scholar, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, jihad should be waged against Jews and Christians because they are guilty of committing shirk (one of the gravest sins in Islam), their beliefs about the Day of Judgement are not Islamic, and they do not follow the laws of Islam revealed to Muhammad.<ref>[http://www.englishtafsir.com/Quran/9/index.html#sdfootnote27sym Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Tafhim al-Qur'an (Quran 9:29, Footnotes 26 & 27)]</ref> | |||
===Jizyah Tax=== | ===Jizyah Tax=== | ||
{{Main|Jizyah|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars: | {{Main|Jizyah|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jizyah}} | ||
{{Quote|Umar ibn al-Khattab during the conquest of al-Basrah (636 CE)|Summon the people to God; those who respond to your call, accept it from them, but those who refuse must pay the poll tax out of humiliation and lowliness. If they refuse this, it is the sword without leniency. Fear God with regard to what you have been entrusted.<ref>Al-Tabari, ''The History of al-Tabari (Ta'rikh al rusul wa'l-muluk)'', vol. 12: ''The Battle of Qadissiyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine,'' trans. Yohanan Friedman (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992), p. 167.</ref>}} | {{Quote|Umar ibn al-Khattab during the conquest of al-Basrah (636 CE)|Summon the people to God; those who respond to your call, accept it from them, but those who refuse must pay the poll tax out of humiliation and lowliness. If they refuse this, it is the sword without leniency. Fear God with regard to what you have been entrusted.<ref>Al-Tabari, ''The History of al-Tabari (Ta'rikh al rusul wa'l-muluk)'', vol. 12: ''The Battle of Qadissiyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine,'' trans. Yohanan Friedman (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992), p. 167.</ref>}} | ||
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{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion}} | {{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion}} | ||
This article | This article provides information about the historical Islamic use of forced conversion and forced submission or expulsion. | ||
===The Pact of Umar=== | ===The Pact of Umar=== | ||
{{Main|The Pact of Umar| | {{Main|The Pact of Umar|Analysis of the Pact of Umar}} | ||
Much has been said of the ''Pact of Umar'',<ref>Paul Halsall - [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pact-umar.html The Status of Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule]- Medieval Sourcebook, January, 1996</ref> and much of it distinctly positive. Its non-Muslim admirers gleefully compare its contents to the treatment of religious minorities in Medieval Europe, while ignoring its influence and conformity with Islamic scriptural sources which still govern the treatment of minorities in the East today. Some non-Muslim scholars of early Islam doubt the pact's authenticity, highlighting the fact that the Islamic traditions surrounding the writing of the pact are a few hundred years removed from the actual events described, and that no contemporary sources refers to it at all. ''Sophronius''' (560 - 638 AD) authentic extant writings also refer to the Muslim conquerors in a very negative way, putting further doubts on the Muslim recollections of events.<ref> Robert Hoyland, ''Seeing Islam as Others Saw It'' (Princeton, 1996) p. 69-71</ref> | Much has been said of the ''Pact of Umar'',<ref>Paul Halsall - [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pact-umar.html The Status of Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule]- Medieval Sourcebook, January, 1996</ref> and much of it distinctly positive. Its non-Muslim admirers gleefully compare its contents to the treatment of religious minorities in Medieval Europe, while ignoring its influence and conformity with Islamic scriptural sources which still govern the treatment of minorities in the East today. Some non-Muslim scholars of early Islam doubt the pact's authenticity, highlighting the fact that the Islamic traditions surrounding the writing of the pact are a few hundred years removed from the actual events described, and that no contemporary sources refers to it at all. ''Sophronius''' (560 - 638 AD) authentic extant writings also refer to the Muslim conquerors in a very negative way, putting further doubts on the Muslim recollections of events.<ref> Robert Hoyland, ''Seeing Islam as Others Saw It'' (Princeton, 1996) p. 69-71</ref> This article, nonetheless, analyses the rights and limitations placed on the Syrians based on this account of the Pact of Umar. It is further worth noting that, even if the pact is historically unreliable, many (if not all) of the specific stipulations found in the pact have a basis in Islamic scripture independent of the pact itself. | ||
===The Genocide of Banu Qurayza=== | ===The Genocide of Banu Qurayza=== | ||
{{Main|The Genocide of Banu Qurayza|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Banu Qurayza}} | {{Main|The Genocide of Banu Qurayza|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Banu Qurayza}} | ||
Hijra year 5 (627 AD), | Hijra year 5 (627 AD), almost nine hundred Jews (including children) of a Medinan tribe named Banu Qurayza were massacred by Muslims in one day. Muhammad was the lead the atrocity, which began early in the day, ending in torchlight. Those who escaped death were taken captive by Muslims and sold in slave markets. This genocide is known in history as the Banu Qurayza incident. | ||
==Miscellaneous== | ==Miscellaneous== | ||
=== | ==='''Joseph, husband of Mary, Defense of Muhammad's Marriage to Aisha'''=== | ||
{{Main|Joseph the Pedophile}} | |||
{{Main|Joseph the Pedophile | |||
This article reviews the claim that Joseph, the husband of Mary (the mother of Jesus Christ), was a pedophile, a popular argument used to defend Prophet Muhammad's pedophilic marriage to Aisha (in debate with Christian critics of Islam). | |||
The non-canonical apocrypha, the Christian equivalent of da`if (weak) or maudu (fabricated) hadith, in fact, do not say Mary married Joseph when she was aged only 12. They say, rather, that she was possibly 17 years of age at the time the marriage was eventually consummated, if ever (Mary's perpetual virginity, the belief that Mary remained a virgin her entire life, is an essential article of faith for the majority of the world's Christians, as well an orthodox doctrine in Islam). Indeed, the very same non-canonical Christian writings that suggest Mary's age also describe her as having been "ever virgin" (in The History of Joseph the Carpenter, Jesus says on Joseph's death "my mother, virgin undefiled"). | |||
===What Islamic Scripture and Scholars Say about the People of the Book=== | ===What Islamic Scripture and Scholars Say about the People of the Book=== | ||
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:People of the Book}} | {{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:People of the Book}} | ||
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{{Main|Islamic Antisemitism}} | {{Main|Islamic Antisemitism}} | ||
Anti-Semitism is rampant | Anti-Semitism is rampant in the Muslim world. Islamic scripture if often cited in defense of these attitudes. ''Mein Kampf'', written by Adolf Hitler, is a best-seller in the Arab and Muslim World including; Egypt, Palestine,<ref name="Mein Kampf a best-seller"></ref> Turkey,<ref>Robert Spencer - [http://www.jihadwatch.org/dhimmiwatch/archives/005409.php Mein Kampf becomes bestseller in Turkey] -Jihad Watch - 19 March, 2005 </ref><ref name="Antisemitism in Turkey">[http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP90005 Antisemitism in the Turkish Media] - MEMRI - April 28, 2005</ref> and is selling well in London areas with a large Arab population.<ref name="Mein Kampf a best-seller">Sean O'Neill and John Steele - [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1388161/Mein-Kampf-for-sale-in-Arabic.html Mein Kampf for sale, in Arabic] - The Telegraph - 19 March, 2002</ref> It is often sold along-side religious literature and strangely enough, ''Mein Kampf'' can be translated as "My Jihad" in Arabic. The book is also selling as well as Dan Brown's latest novel in Dhaka, Bangladesh,<ref>Alastair Lawson - [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8382132.stm Mein Kampf a hit on Dhaka streets] - BBC News - 27 November, 2009</ref> where sales soar towards Eid, as it is bought by many as gifts, and other anti-Semitic literature like ''Protocols of the Elders of Zion'',<ref name="Antisemitism in Turkey"></ref> a 19th-century anti-Semitic tract are also hugely popular. | ||
Muhammad's personal hatred for Jews led him to declare that the Final Hour will not come until Muslims slaughter Jews, and even the rocks and trees will betray the Jews hiding behind them. | Muhammad's personal hatred for Jews led him to declare that the Final Hour will not come until Muslims slaughter Jews, and even the rocks and trees will betray the Jews hiding behind them. | ||
{{Quote|1={{Muslim|41|6985}}, see also {{Muslim|41|6981}}, {{Muslim|41|6982}}, {{Muslim|41|6983}}, {{Muslim|41|6984}}, {{Bukhari|4|56|791}}|2=Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: The last hour would not come unless the Muslims will fight against the Jews and the Muslims would kill them until the Jews would hide themselves behind a stone or a tree and a stone or a tree would say: Muslim, or the servant of Allah, there is a Jew behind me; come and kill him; but the tree Gharqad would not say, for it is the tree of the Jews.}} | {{Quote|1={{Muslim|41|6985}}, see also {{Muslim|41|6981}}, {{Muslim|41|6982}}, {{Muslim|41|6983}}, {{Muslim|41|6984}}, {{Bukhari|4|56|791}}|2=Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: The last hour would not come unless the Muslims will fight against the Jews and the Muslims would kill them until the Jews would hide themselves behind a stone or a tree and a stone or a tree would say: Muslim, or the servant of Allah, there is a Jew behind me; come and kill him; but the tree Gharqad would not say, for it is the tree of the Jews.}} | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
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*[[People of the Book (Translations of Arabic/Islamic Media)]] | *[[People of the Book (Translations of Arabic/Islamic Media)]] | ||
{{Hub4|Non-Muslims|Non-Muslims}} | {{Hub4|Non-Muslims|Non-Muslims}} | ||
{{Hub4|Antisemitism|Antisemitism}} | {{Hub4|Antisemitism|Antisemitism}} | ||
'''Other Core Articles''' | '''Other Core Articles''' | ||
''Core articles contain an overview of other articles related to a specific issue, and serve as a starting point for anyone wishing to learn about Islam:'' | ''Core articles contain an overview of other articles related to a specific issue, and serve as a starting point for anyone wishing to learn about Islam:'' | ||
* [[Islam and Apostasy]] | |||
* [[Islam and Homosexuality]] | *[[Islam and Apostasy]] | ||
* [[Islam and Miracles]] | *[[Islam and Homosexuality]] | ||
* [[Islam and Pedophilia]] | *[[Islam and Miracles]] | ||
* [[Islam and Propaganda]] | *[[Islam and Pedophilia]] | ||
* [[Islam and Science]] | *[[Islam and Propaganda]] | ||
* [[Islam and Scripture]] | *[[Islam and Science]] | ||
* [[Islam and Violence]] | *[[Islam and Scripture]] | ||
* [[Islam and Women]] | *[[Islam and Violence]] | ||
*[[Islam and Women]] | |||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
*[http://www.answering-islam.org/Responses/index.htm Rebuttals to Muslim Polemics against Christianity] | *[http://www.answering-islam.org/Responses/index.htm Rebuttals to Muslim Polemics against Christianity] | ||
*[http://answering-islam.org/Gilchrist/muhammad.html Is Muhammad Foretold in the Bible?] ''- by John Gilchrist'' | *[http://answering-islam.org/Gilchrist/muhammad.html Is Muhammad Foretold in the Bible?] ''- by John Gilchrist'' | ||
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{{Reflist|30em}} | {{Reflist|30em}} | ||
[[Category:Core | [[Category:Core Articles]] | ||
[[Category:People of the Book]] | [[Category:People of the Book]] | ||
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