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'''Shahid''' (شَهيد , plural: شُهَداء šuhadā) is an Islamic term for a ''martyr''. As with [[adultery]] and [[justice]], the term ''martyr'' in [[Islam]] differs from the commonly agreed upon definitions of the word. | '''Shahid''' (شَهيد , plural: شُهَداء šuhadā) is an Islamic term for a ''martyr''. As with [[adultery]] and [[justice]], the term ''martyr'' in [[Islam]] differs from the commonly agreed upon definitions of the word. | ||
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Although the accepted definition of the martyr is also applied to Muslims as in the case of Sumayah, the mother of ‘Ammaar ibn Yaasir,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ummah.net/islam/taqwapalace/stories/ammar-ibn-yaser.html|2=2011-04-23}} Ammar Ibn Yaser] - Ummah.net, accessed April 23, 2011</ref> Muslims soldiers who die while engaging in jihad are also considered martyrs in Islam. | Although the accepted definition of the martyr is also applied to Muslims as in the case of Sumayah, the mother of ‘Ammaar ibn Yaasir,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ummah.net/islam/taqwapalace/stories/ammar-ibn-yaser.html|2=2011-04-23}} Ammar Ibn Yaser] - Ummah.net, accessed April 23, 2011</ref> Muslims soldiers who die while engaging in jihad are also considered martyrs in Islam. | ||
{{Quote| | {{Quote|The Islamic Ruling on the Permissibility of Martyrdom Operations<BR>Sheikh al-Uyayri|Jurists have given the technical definition of a martyr as follows: | ||
According to the Hanafis: | According to the Hanafis: | ||
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From this we can see that those who die fighting in a way war considered to be a jihad are considered martyrs just as are those who are killed by a persecuter for their beliefs. | From this we can see that those who die fighting in a way war considered to be a jihad are considered martyrs just as are those who are killed by a persecuter for their beliefs. | ||
===Ways to | ===In the hadith=== | ||
====Ways to become a martyr==== | |||
In addition to being killed while actively engaging in violence and warfare, here [[Muhammad]] adds another way for someone to become a martyr: | In addition to being killed while actively engaging in violence and warfare, here [[Muhammad]] adds another way for someone to become a martyr: | ||
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AbuSalam reported on the authority of a man from the companion of the Prophet (peace be upon him). He said: We attacked a tribe of Juhaynah. A man from the Muslims pursued a man of them, and struck him but missed him. He struck himself with the sword. The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) said: Your brother, O group of Muslims. The people hastened towards him, but found him dead. The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) wrapped him with his clothes and his blood, and offered (funeral) prayer for him and buried him. They said: Apostle of Allah, is he a martyr? He said: Yes, and I am witness to him.}} | AbuSalam reported on the authority of a man from the companion of the Prophet (peace be upon him). He said: We attacked a tribe of Juhaynah. A man from the Muslims pursued a man of them, and struck him but missed him. He struck himself with the sword. The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) said: Your brother, O group of Muslims. The people hastened towards him, but found him dead. The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) wrapped him with his clothes and his blood, and offered (funeral) prayer for him and buried him. They said: Apostle of Allah, is he a martyr? He said: Yes, and I am witness to him.}} | ||
===Benefits of | ====Benefits of martyrdom==== | ||
{{Quote|Musnad Ahmed, Tabrani, at-Targheeb wa at-Tarheeb, p.443, vol.2|Ubada bin Samit narrates, that the Prophet (sallallahu ‘alayhe wassallam) said, “The shaheed is granted seven gifts from Allah:<BR> <BR>1) He is forgiven at the first drop of his blood. <BR>2) He sees his status in Jannah. <BR>3) He is dressed in the clothes of Iman. <BR>4) He is safe from the punishment of the grave. <BR>5) He will be safe from the Great fear of the Day of Judgment. <BR>6) A crown of honor will be placed on his head. <BR>7) He will intercede on behalf of 70 members of his family.”}} | {{Quote|Musnad Ahmed, Tabrani, at-Targheeb wa at-Tarheeb, p.443, vol.2|Ubada bin Samit narrates, that the Prophet (sallallahu ‘alayhe wassallam) said, “The shaheed is granted seven gifts from Allah:<BR> <BR>1) He is forgiven at the first drop of his blood. <BR>2) He sees his status in Jannah. <BR>3) He is dressed in the clothes of Iman. <BR>4) He is safe from the punishment of the grave. <BR>5) He will be safe from the Great fear of the Day of Judgment. <BR>6) A crown of honor will be placed on his head. <BR>7) He will intercede on behalf of 70 members of his family.”}} | ||
== | ====Praise of martyrdom==== | ||
{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||6|46|3800}}|Narrated Abu Hurairah: that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: '''"Rejoice, 'Ammar, the transgressing party shall kill you."'''<br>Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)}} | |||
=== | ==In modern times== | ||
==="Martyrdom Operations"=== | |||
Some modern scholars of the Salafi-Jihadist mindset apply the word for what they call "Martyrdom Operations" i.e. suicide bombings. This is highly controversial since suicide is forbidden in Islam. Many other Islamic scholars have condemned such activites, even more so when women and children are targeted. Large surveys in the second decade of the 21st century have found a trend of increasing majorities who disapprove of al Qaeda and suicide attacks against civilians in most Muslim countries.<ref>[https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2013/09/10/muslim-publics-share-concerns-about-extremist-groups/ Widespread concerns about extremism in Muslim nations, and little support for it] Pew Research Centrue, 2015</ref><ref> | |||
[https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2014/07/01/concerns-about-islamic-extremism-on-the-rise-in-middle-east/ Concerns about Islamic Extremism on the Rise in Middle East] Pew Research Centrue, 2014</ref> For more information, see [[Houri_(Heavenly_Virgin)#Association_with_Martyrdom|Houris (Heavenly_Virgin)]]. | |||
{{Quote|1=[http://web.archive.org/web/20040823223253/http://www.muslimcreed.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=108&Itemid=44 Are Martyrdom Operations Lawful (According to Quran and Sunnah)?]<BR>Abdul Aziz Ibn Myatt, Muslim Creed, August 18, 2004|2='''Martyrdom Operations''' - sometimes called Fidayee attacks (see Note 1) - are those where a Muslim, a Mujahid, attacks the enemy in such a way that the death of that Muslim is (should Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta'ala) so will it) highly likely. The history of Islam is replete with heroes who have sacrificed their own life for the Way of Life which is Al-Islam.* | {{Quote|1=[http://web.archive.org/web/20040823223253/http://www.muslimcreed.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=108&Itemid=44 Are Martyrdom Operations Lawful (According to Quran and Sunnah)?]<BR>Abdul Aziz Ibn Myatt, Muslim Creed, August 18, 2004|2='''Martyrdom Operations''' - sometimes called Fidayee attacks (see Note 1) - are those where a Muslim, a Mujahid, attacks the enemy in such a way that the death of that Muslim is (should Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta'ala) so will it) highly likely. The history of Islam is replete with heroes who have sacrificed their own life for the Way of Life which is Al-Islam.* | ||
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===Fatwas=== | ===Fatwas=== | ||
Below is a fatwa issued by Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, discussing the reasons why even women are permitted to participate in "Martyr Operations". | In 2018, a book detailing a fatwa against suicide bombings was issued on behalf of 1,800 Pakistani clerics.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-religion-idUSKBN1F50L3 Pakistan clerics issue fatwa against suicide bombings] Reuters 16 January 2018</ref> In 2010 a Pakistani-Canadian cleric, Muhammad Tahir ul-Qadri, issued a 600 page [[w:Fatwa on Terrorism|Fatwa on Terrorism and Suicide Bombings]] in Urdu and English to refute the ideology of al-Qaeda and the Taliban, and was endorsed by the prestigious al-Azhar University in Cairo. | ||
Below is a fatwa issued by Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, discussing the reasons why he thinks even women are permitted to participate in "Martyr Operations". | |||
{{Quote|1=[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503545134 Palestinian Women Carrying Out Martyr Operations]<BR>Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, Islam Online, November 6, 2006|2=Women’s participation in the martyr operations carried out in Palestine – given the status of the land as an occupied territory, in addition to a lot of sacrilegious acts perpetrated by the Jews against the sanctuaries – is one of the most praised acts of worship. Also, the act is a form of martyrdom in the Cause of Allah, and it entitles them, Insha’ Allah, to the same reward earned by their male counterparts who also die in the Cause of Allah.<BR>. . .<BR> | {{Quote|1=[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503545134 Palestinian Women Carrying Out Martyr Operations]<BR>Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, Islam Online, November 6, 2006|2=Women’s participation in the martyr operations carried out in Palestine – given the status of the land as an occupied territory, in addition to a lot of sacrilegious acts perpetrated by the Jews against the sanctuaries – is one of the most praised acts of worship. Also, the act is a form of martyrdom in the Cause of Allah, and it entitles them, Insha’ Allah, to the same reward earned by their male counterparts who also die in the Cause of Allah.<BR>. . .<BR> | ||
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Here is another excerpt taken from a longer fatwa by Muslim scholar Sheikh al-Uyayri, explaining in depth why suicide bombings and killing of civilians (including Muslims) via the use of them as "human shields" is permissible in Islam. | Here is another excerpt taken from a longer fatwa by Muslim scholar Sheikh al-Uyayri, explaining in depth why suicide bombings and killing of civilians (including Muslims) via the use of them as "human shields" is permissible in Islam. | ||
{{Quote| | {{Quote|The Islamic Ruling on the Permissibility of Martyrdom Operations<BR>Sheikh al-Uyayri|We have arrived at the conclusion that martyrdom operations are permissible, and in fact '''the Mujahid who is killed in them is better than one who is killed fighting in the ranks''', for there are gradations even among martyrs, corresponding to their role, action effort and risk undertaken. Then, we explained how martyrdom operations are the least costly to the Mujahideen and most detrimental to the enemy. We have heard, as you must have, that '''most scholars today permit such operations; at least 30 Fatawa have been issued to this effect'''. We explained how this issue is derived from the issue of plunging single-handedly into the enemy ranks; something which is praiseworthy by the agreement of jurists. We then further stated that we preferred the view that such an action is permissible even if martyrdom is the only goal, although it is certainly not the optimal practice. Martyrdom operations should not be carried out unless certain conditions are met: | ||
1. One's intention is sincere and pure - to raise the Word of Allah. <BR> | 1. One's intention is sincere and pure - to raise the Word of Allah. <BR> | ||
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==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
{{Hub4|Heaven|Heaven}} | {{Hub4|Heaven|Heaven}} | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
[[Category:Heaven]] | |||
[[Category:Jihad | [[Category:Jihad]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Society and human nature]] | ||