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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion: Difference between revisions
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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forced Conversion (view source)
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The topic of forced conversion is a complicated one within the Islamic tradition. According to the Qur'an, there is "no compulsion in religion" and the traditional laws of jihad state that before attacking a Christian or Jewish enemy they must be offered the choice of submitting to Islamic political rule, paying the jizyah and entering dhimmitude. At the same time, however, the Islamic tradition records that Muhammad gave the pagans of Mecca and later all of Arabia only two choices: conversion to Islam or the sword. As such, people not considered "people of the book", id est Jews or Christians, are on this example to be given the choice of conversion to Islam or death. In many cases, such as when Muslims found themselves ruling over a polytheist population in India, the forced conversion of so many people has been seen to be impossible, and in its place these people have been offered dhimmitude. These practical exceptions did not, however, change the opinion of the fuquhaa' that all non-believers who are not Jews or Christians ought to be given the choice of Islam or death, forced conversion in effect. | |||
===Qur'an=== | ===Qur'an=== | ||
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{{Quote|1={{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/2/18 |title=Sahih Bukhari 1:2:25 |publisher= |author= |date= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019180506/http://sunnah.com/bukhari/2/18 |deadurl=no}}|2=Narrated Ibn 'Umar: Allah's Apostle said: "I have been ordered (by Allah) to fight against the people until they testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that Muhammad is Allah's Apostle, and offer the prayers perfectly and give the obligatory charity, so if they perform that, then they save ''their lives'' (دِمَاءَهُمْ) and property from me except for Islamic laws and then their reckoning (accounts) will be done by Allah."}} | {{Quote|1={{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/2/18 |title=Sahih Bukhari 1:2:25 |publisher= |author= |date= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019180506/http://sunnah.com/bukhari/2/18 |deadurl=no}}|2=Narrated Ibn 'Umar: Allah's Apostle said: "I have been ordered (by Allah) to fight against the people until they testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that Muhammad is Allah's Apostle, and offer the prayers perfectly and give the obligatory charity, so if they perform that, then they save ''their lives'' (دِمَاءَهُمْ) and property from me except for Islamic laws and then their reckoning (accounts) will be done by Allah."}} | ||
The Arabic word دِمَاءَهُمْ (dima'ahum) literally means "their blood" <ref>https://translate.google.com/#ar/en/%D8%AF%D9%90%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%8E%D9%87%D9%8F%D9%85%D9%92</ref>. Forms of the Arabic word for "blood" (دم) are often translated as "life" in | The Arabic word دِمَاءَهُمْ (dima'ahum) literally means "their blood" <ref>https://translate.google.com/#ar/en/%D8%AF%D9%90%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%8E%D9%87%D9%8F%D9%85%D9%92</ref>. Forms of the Arabic word for "blood" (دم) are often translated as "life" in English to soften the tone of the original. The literal meaning, though, is that new converts are "protected" from bloodshed. | ||
{{Quote|[https://sunnah.com/urn/42350 Sahih Bukhari 6:60:80]|Narrated Abu Huraira: The Verse:--"You (true Muslims) are the best of peoples ever raised up for mankind." (3:110) means, the best of peoples for the people, as you bring them with chains on their necks till they embrace Islam. | {{Quote|[https://sunnah.com/urn/42350 Sahih Bukhari 6:60:80]|Narrated Abu Huraira: The Verse:--"You (true Muslims) are the best of peoples ever raised up for mankind." (3:110) means, the best of peoples for the people, as you bring them with chains on their necks till they embrace Islam. | ||
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===Sira=== | ===Sira=== | ||
{{Quote|1= | {{Quote|1={{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|trans_title=Sirat Rasul Allah|ISBN=0-19-636033-1|year=1955|publisher=Oxford UP|author1=Ibn Ishaq (d. 768)|author2=Ibn Hisham (d. 833)|editor=A. Guillaume|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up|page=547}}<BR>{{citation|title=سيرة ابن هشام ت طه عبد الرؤوف سعد|author1=ابن إسحاق|author2=ابن هشام|url=https://app.turath.io/book/7450|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol. 2|page=103}}|2=[Abu Sufyan] stayed the night with me [the narrator] and I took him in to see the apostle early in the morning and when he saw him he said, "Isn't it time that you should recognize that there is no God but Allah?" | ||
He answered, "You are dearer to me than father and mother. How great is your clemence, honour, and kindness! By God, I thought that had there been another God with God he would have continued to help me." | He answered, "You are dearer to me than father and mother. How great is your clemence, honour, and kindness! By God, I thought that had there been another God with God he would have continued to help me." | ||
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===Qur'an=== | ===Qur'an=== | ||
{{Quote|1={{Quran|9| | {{Quote|1={{Quran|9|29}}|2=''Fight'' (قَٰتِلُوا۟) those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.}} | ||
The word قَٰتِلُوا۟ (''qaatiloo''), translated as "fight", is derived from the root ق-ت-ل (q-t-l). The basic [[The Meaning of Qatal|meaning of this root]] is "to kill" <ref>https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82_%D8%AA_%D9%84</ref>. Nouns like "murder" (قتل) and "murderer" (قاتل) are also derived from this root. The word qaatiloo is an imperative verb <ref>http://corpus.quran.com/wordmorphology.jsp?location=(9:29:1)</ref>, which commands to murder people [until they are giving money to the Muslims]. | The word قَٰتِلُوا۟ (''qaatiloo''), translated as "fight", is derived from the root ق-ت-ل (q-t-l). The basic [[The Meaning of Qatal|meaning of this root]] is "to kill" <ref>https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82_%D8%AA_%D9%84</ref>. Nouns like "murder" (قتل) and "murderer" (قاتل) are also derived from this root. The word qaatiloo is an imperative verb <ref>http://corpus.quran.com/wordmorphology.jsp?location=(9:29:1)</ref>, which commands to murder people [until they are giving money to the Muslims]. | ||
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When the children of a woman (in pre-Islamic days) did not survive, she took a vow on herself that if her child survives, she would convert it a Jew. When Banu an-Nadir were expelled (from Arabia), there were some children of the Ansar (Helpers) among them. They said: We shall not leave our children. So Allah the Exalted revealed; "Let there be no compulsion in religion. Truth stands out clear from error."}} | When the children of a woman (in pre-Islamic days) did not survive, she took a vow on herself that if her child survives, she would convert it a Jew. When Banu an-Nadir were expelled (from Arabia), there were some children of the Ansar (Helpers) among them. They said: We shall not leave our children. So Allah the Exalted revealed; "Let there be no compulsion in religion. Truth stands out clear from error."}} | ||
===Scholars=== | ===Scholars=== | ||
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• It is said that it was related about the captives who were People of the Book. They are not compelled when they are adults. '''If they are Magians, young or old, or idolaters, they are compelled to adopt Islam because their captivity does not help them when they are idolaters'''. Do you not see that their sacrifices are not eaten nor their women married. That is what Ibn al-Qasim reported from Malik. Ashhab said that children are considered to have the din of those who captured them. If they refuse that, they are compelled to become Muslim.''' Children have no din and that is why they are compelled to enter Islam so that they do not go to a false din'''. '''When other types of unbelievers pay the jizya, they are forced to become Muslim''', whether they are Arabs or non-Arabs, Quraysh or otherwise. This will be dealt with in Surat at-Tawba.}} | • It is said that it was related about the captives who were People of the Book. They are not compelled when they are adults. '''If they are Magians, young or old, or idolaters, they are compelled to adopt Islam because their captivity does not help them when they are idolaters'''. Do you not see that their sacrifices are not eaten nor their women married. That is what Ibn al-Qasim reported from Malik. Ashhab said that children are considered to have the din of those who captured them. If they refuse that, they are compelled to become Muslim.''' Children have no din and that is why they are compelled to enter Islam so that they do not go to a false din'''. '''When other types of unbelievers pay the jizya, they are forced to become Muslim''', whether they are Arabs or non-Arabs, Quraysh or otherwise. This will be dealt with in Surat at-Tawba.}} | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
{{Hub4|Jihad (Primary Sources)|Jihad (Primary Sources)}} | {{Hub4|Jihad (Primary Sources)|Jihad (Primary Sources)}} | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
*[http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Quran/013-forced-conversion.htm What does the Religion of Peace Teach About... Forced Conversion] ''- | *[http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Quran/013-forced-conversion.htm What does the Religion of Peace Teach About... Forced Conversion] ''- The Religion Of Peace'' | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:QHS]] | [[Category:QHS]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Dhimma]] | ||
[[Category:Islamic Law]] | [[Category:Shariah (Islamic Law)]] | ||
[[Category:Jihad | [[Category:Jihad]] | ||
[[Category:Kafir (infidel)]] | |||
[[Category:Fiqh (legal theory)]] | |||
[[Category:Human rights]] | |||