em-bypass-2
1,979
edits
Jizyah: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
→Kharaj
| [checked revision] | [checked revision] |
(→Kharaj) |
(→Kharaj) |
||
| (7 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
Jizyah is paid as a sign of submission and gives Dhimmis some legal protection in return. Under dhimmitude (the status that [[Islamic law]], the Sharia, mandates for non-Muslims) Dhimmis usually are not allowed to carry arms to protect themselves, serve in the army or government, display symbols of their faith, build or repair places of worship etc. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or (as evidenced in the quotes above) death. | Jizyah is paid as a sign of submission and gives Dhimmis some legal protection in return. Under dhimmitude (the status that [[Islamic law]], the Sharia, mandates for non-Muslims) Dhimmis usually are not allowed to carry arms to protect themselves, serve in the army or government, display symbols of their faith, build or repair places of worship etc. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or (as evidenced in the quotes above) death. | ||
The amount of the Jizyah tax and the way it was collected varied from time to time and from place to place, but when imposed, the forced payment of Jizyah greatly stimulated the conversion of non-Muslims into Islam.<ref>[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article?tocId=9368576 Jizya] - Encyclopedia Britannica</ref> In some cases the taxation of the non-Muslims was so profitable that | The amount of the Jizyah tax and the way it was collected varied from time to time and from place to place, but when imposed, the forced payment of Jizyah greatly stimulated the conversion of non-Muslims into Islam.<ref>[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article?tocId=9368576 Jizya] - Encyclopedia Britannica</ref> In some cases the taxation of the non-Muslims was so profitable that some Islamic rulers discouraged their subjects from converting to Islam, lest they should lose their income.<ref>Hawting, G.R. ''The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750''. Routledge. p. 77. ISBN 0-415-24073-5.</ref> | ||
==Context== | ==Context== | ||
| Line 47: | Line 47: | ||
{{Quote|[http://www.himalmag.com/apr2001/commentary.html Idolatry and the Taliban]|Once Muhammad Bin Qasim had established himself in Sindh he sent a letter to the Muslim Caliph in Damascus, seeking instruction as to how he should deal with the Hindus and Buddhists of the conquered area. The reply came that they be treated in accordance with the Quranic commandments relating to the People of the Book (Ahl-i-Kitab), the Jews and the Christians. Accordingly, the Buddhists and the Hindus of Sindh were to be given full freedom to practise their faiths, and their lives and property, including temples, were to be protected. In return, they were to pay a tax, the jizya. The old, the sick, children and priests were to be exempted from the tax. The non-Muslims were not obliged to perform military service, unlike the Muslims. Following these dictates, Muhammad Bin Qasim thus set a precedent which several other Muslim rulers after him followed.}} | {{Quote|[http://www.himalmag.com/apr2001/commentary.html Idolatry and the Taliban]|Once Muhammad Bin Qasim had established himself in Sindh he sent a letter to the Muslim Caliph in Damascus, seeking instruction as to how he should deal with the Hindus and Buddhists of the conquered area. The reply came that they be treated in accordance with the Quranic commandments relating to the People of the Book (Ahl-i-Kitab), the Jews and the Christians. Accordingly, the Buddhists and the Hindus of Sindh were to be given full freedom to practise their faiths, and their lives and property, including temples, were to be protected. In return, they were to pay a tax, the jizya. The old, the sick, children and priests were to be exempted from the tax. The non-Muslims were not obliged to perform military service, unlike the Muslims. Following these dictates, Muhammad Bin Qasim thus set a precedent which several other Muslim rulers after him followed.}} | ||
The Ottoman empire imposed jizya on its Jewish and Christian subjects. Jizya collected from these communities was one of the main sources of income of the Ottoman treasury.<ref>Oded Peri; Gilbar (Ed), Gad (1990). ''Ottoman Palestine, 1800-1914 : Studies in economic and social history''. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 287. ISBN 978-90-04-07785-0. "The jizya was one of the main sources of revenue accruing to the Ottoman state treasury as a whole."</ref> The empire abolished it in 1856, but this action was dubbed as "cosmetic" because they replaced it with ''bedel-i askeri'', a tax on non-Muslims in return for their exemption from military services.<ref>Stillman, Norman. The Jews of Arab lands: a history and source book. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-8276-0198-7.</ref><ref>Gribetz, Jonathan Marc. ''Defining Neighbors: Religion, Race, and the Early Zionist-Arab Encounter''. Princeton University Press. 22-09-2014. ISBN 140085265X.</ref> | |||
==Jizyah in the Modern World== | ==Jizyah in the Modern World== | ||
| Line 134: | Line 136: | ||
In Islamic territories, Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians who did not convert to Islam were required to pay a tax called the jizya. Many people converted to Islam to avoid this tax or to escape the ban on non-Muslims owning land. As financial problems mounted for the Umayyad rulers, authorities imposed the kharaj as a property tax for recent converts. Popular opposition to the tax led to a revolt in 747 and precipitated the downfall of the Umayyad dynasty.}} | In Islamic territories, Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians who did not convert to Islam were required to pay a tax called the jizya. Many people converted to Islam to avoid this tax or to escape the ban on non-Muslims owning land. As financial problems mounted for the Umayyad rulers, authorities imposed the kharaj as a property tax for recent converts. Popular opposition to the tax led to a revolt in 747 and precipitated the downfall of the Umayyad dynasty.}} | ||
The Umayyad caliph Umar II made non-Arab converts to Islam pay kharaj as a compensation for the diminished jizya tax base.<ref>Kennedy, Hugh. ''The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates''. Pearson. p. 107. ISBN 0-582-40525-4.</ref> | |||
Some western apologists of Islam say that jizya and kharaj were not significantly higher than the taxes collected in the pre-Islamic [[w:Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and [[w:Sassanid Empire|Sassanid]] empires. The following quote by orientalist scholars proves otherwise: | |||
{{Quote|N. V. Pigulevskaya, A. Yu. Yakubovski, I. P. Petrushevski, L. V. Stroeva, A. M. Belenitski. ''The History of Iran from Ancient Times to the End of Eighteenth Century'' (in Persian), Tehran, 1967, p. 161.|A comparison between pre-Islamic documents and those of the Islamic period reveals that conquering Arabs increased the land taxation without exception. Thus, raising taxes of each acre of wheat field to 4 dirhams and each acre of barley field to 2 dirhams, whereas during reign of Khosro Anushiravan it used to be a single dirham for each acre of a wheat or barley field. During the later stage of Umayyad Caliphate, conquered and subjugated Persians were paying from one fourth to one third of their land produce to the Arab Empire as kharaj.}} | |||
Kharaj was also imposed on Hindu peasants of India during the rule of the [[w:Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultanate]] and the Mughals. Its value varied from 20 percent to 50 percent of the produce.<ref>K. S. Lal. ''Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India''. Chapter IV: "Income of the State". Archived at [http://www.webcitation.org/6l5ThExd8]. Aditya Prakashan. 1999. ISBN 8186471723 </ref> | Kharaj was also imposed on Hindu peasants of India during the rule of the [[w:Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultanate]] and the Mughals. Its value varied from 20 percent to 50 percent of the produce.<ref>K. S. Lal. ''Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India''. Chapter IV: "Income of the State". Archived at [http://www.webcitation.org/6l5ThExd8]. Aditya Prakashan. 1999. ISBN 8186471723 </ref> | ||
===Miscellaneous=== | ===Miscellaneous=== | ||
The Hedaya, a 12th-century legal manual considered one of the most influential books of Hanafi Islamic law, states that a [[w:tithe|tithe]] on wine and pork should be collected from [[dhimmi|dhimmis]] and polytheists whenever they pass by any collector's office in an Islamic state.<ref>Marghinani. ''The Hedaya'' (Arabic) Translated by Charles Hamilton. Book I Chapter IV. p. 13.</ref> | *The Hedaya, a 12th-century legal manual considered one of the most influential books of Hanafi Islamic law, states that a [[w:tithe|tithe]] on wine and pork should be collected from [[dhimmi|dhimmis]] and polytheists whenever they pass by any collector's office in an Islamic state.<ref>Marghinani. ''The Hedaya'' (Arabic) Translated by Charles Hamilton. Book I Chapter IV. p. 13.</ref> | ||
*Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (1618-1707), known for persecuting non-Muslims under his rule, used to collect a customs duty called ''sair-jihat''. It was applicable on the sale of sundry objects, including cloth, oil, grains, food, horses, camels, and animal skins.<ref>Abul Fazl. ''Ain-i-Akbari''. Translated by Col. Henry Sullivan Jarrett (1891). Vol. II, p. 63.</ref> The rate was fixed according to the religion of the payer. Hindu merchants paid 5 per cent, Christians 4 per cent and Muslims 2.5 per cent. Later, he exempted Muslims completely from this tax.<ref>Manucci, Niccolao. ''Storia do Mogor'' also known as ''Mogul India 1603-1708'', Vol. 2. pp. 415-417. Translated by William Irvine. London, J. Murray (1907).</ref> | |||
{{Core POTB}} | {{Core POTB}} | ||
| Line 152: | Line 162: | ||
*[http://www.bharatvani.org/books/jihad/app2.htm Jizyah and the Zimmî] | *[http://www.bharatvani.org/books/jihad/app2.htm Jizyah and the Zimmî] | ||
*[http://www.dhimmitude.org/archive/by_lecture_10oct2002.htm Dhimmitude Past and Present: An Invented or Real History?]'', by Bat Ye'or'' | *[http://www.dhimmitude.org/archive/by_lecture_10oct2002.htm Dhimmitude Past and Present: An Invented or Real History?]'', by Bat Ye'or'' | ||
*[http://www.outsidethewire.com/blog/media/payments-to-hamas-as-jizyah.html Payments to Hamas as Jizyah] | *[http://www.outsidethewire.com/blog/media/payments-to-hamas-as-jizyah.html Payments to Hamas as Jizyah] ([http://web.archive.org/web/20080105075225/http://www.outsidethewire.com/blog/media/payments-to-hamas-as-jizyah.html Archived]) | ||
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizya Jizyah]'' - Wikipedia (Additional information and contains some more Hadith references)'' | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizya Jizyah]'' - Wikipedia (Additional information and contains some more Hadith references)'' | ||
*[http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Quran/004-jizya.htm Islam: Requiring Other Faiths to Pay Up] ''- TheReligionofPeace.com'' | *[http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Quran/004-jizya.htm Islam: Requiring Other Faiths to Pay Up] ''- TheReligionofPeace.com'' | ||
| Line 158: | Line 168: | ||
;Muslim websites | ;Muslim websites | ||
*[http://www.understanding-islam.com/related/text.asp?type=question&qid=166 Regarding Jizyah on non-Muslim Citizens]'' - Understanding-Islam.com'' | *[http://www.understanding-islam.com/related/text.asp?type=question&qid=166 Regarding Jizyah on non-Muslim Citizens]'' - Understanding-Islam.com'' ([http://web.archive.org/web/20080409001311/http://www.understanding-islam.com/related/text.asp?type=question&qid=166 Archived]) | ||
*[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503544994 Jizyah and non-Muslim Minorities] ''- Fatwa Bank at IslamOnline.net'' | *[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503544994 Jizyah and non-Muslim Minorities] ''- Fatwa Bank at IslamOnline.net'' | ||