Coran, hadiths et savants : Mohammed et la guerre
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The Islamic tradition portrays the prophet as constantly at war with non-believers after his flight from Mecca, and provides many examples of Muhammad initiating aggression and starting wars against his enemies. The picture that emerges of Muhammad from the hadith and Sira is one of a man of war, constantly interested in gaining booty and expanding his holdings and the dominion of the believers.
Muhammad Had a Divine Right to Conquer Others
أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 570, https://app.turath.io/book/9783
Muhammad threatened slaughter to the idol worshippers when he was in Mecca
This hadith notably features Muhammad threatening to destroy the Meccans physically while the prophet was still in Mecca.
When the Quraysh became distressed by the trouble caused by the enmity between them and
the apostle and those of their people who accepted. his teaching, they stirred up against him foolish men who called him a liar, insulted him and accused him of being a poet, a sorcerer, a diviner, and of being possessed. However, the apostle continued to proclaim what God had ordered him to proclaim, concealing nothing, and exciting their dislike by contemning their religion, forsaking their idols, and leaving them to their unbelief.
Yahya b. 'Urwa b. al-Zubayr on the authority of his father from 'Abdullah b: 'Amr b. al-'As told me that the latter was asked what was the worst way in which Quraysh showed their enmity to the apostle. He replied: 'I was with them one day when the notables had gathered m the Hijr and the apostle was mentioned. They said that they had never known anything like the trouble they had endured from this fellow; he had declared their mode of life foolish, insulted their forefathers, reviled their religion, divided the community, and cursed their gods. What they had borne Was past all bearing, or words to that effect.'
While they were thus discussing him the apostle came towards them and kissed the black stone, then he passed them as he walked round the temple. As he passed they said some injurious things about him. [the original Arabic word used here is غَمَزُوهُ, which can also literally mean they merely "blinked". This same word has been translated to mean "they blinked" in a similar context in authoritative translations of other Islamic scriptures, such as in Sahih Bukhari 8:82:813] This I could see from his expression. He went on and as he passed them the second time they attacked him similarly. This I could see from his expression. Then he passed the third time, and they did the same. He stopped and said, 'Will you listen to me O Quraysh? By him who holds my life in His hand
I bring you slaughter.' This word so struck the people that not one of them but stood silent and still; even one who had hitherto been most violent spoke to him in the kindest way possible, saying, 'Depart, O Abu'l-Qasim, for by God you are not violent.' So the apostle went away, and on the morrow they assembled in the Hijr, I being there too, and they asked one another if they remembered what had taken place between them and the apostle so that when he openly said something unpleasant they let him alone. While they were talking thus the apostle appeared, and they leaped upon him as one man and encircled him, saying, I Are you the one who said so-and·so against our gods and our religion?' The apostle said, 'Yes, I am the one who said that.' And I saw one of them seize his robe. Then Abu Bakr interposed himself weeping and saying, 'Would you kill a man for saying Allah is my Lord I' Then they left him. That is the worst that I ever saw Quraysh do to him.
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 289-290, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
Banu Anbar
Ibn Humayd--Salamah--Ibn lshaq--`Asim b. 'Umar b. Qatadah: `A'ishah said to the Messenger of God, "O Messenger of God, I must free a slave of the sons of Isma'il." He replied, "These captives of the Banu al-`Anbar are coming now. We will give you one, and you can set him free." Ibn Ishaq states: When their captives were brought to the Messenger of God, a deputation of the Band Tamim rode with them until they arrived before the Messenger of God. Among them were Rabi`ah b. Rufay`, Sabrah b. `Amr, al-Qa`qa` b. Ma`bad, Wardan b. Muhriz, Qays b. `Asim, Malik b. `Amr, al-Agra` b. Habis, Hanzalah b. Darim, and Firas b. Habis. Among their women who were taken captive on that day were Asma' bt. Malik; Ka`s bt. Ari; Najwah bt. Nahd; Jumay`ah bt. Qays; and `Amrah bt. Matar.
أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 3, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 157, https://app.turath.io/book/9783
Banu al-Mustaliq
Khaybar
- Nata was stormed by the apostle's squadron
- Fully armed, powerful, and strong.
- It was certain of humiliation when it was split up
- With the men of Aslam and Ghifar in its midst.
- They attacked B. 'Amr b. Zur'a in the morning
- And Shaqq's people met a day of gloom.
- They trailed their cloaks' in their plains
- And left only hens cackling among the trees.
- Every fort had a man of 'Abdu'l-Ashhal or B. aI-Najjar
- Busy with their horses,
- And Emigrants who had displayed their badges
- Above their helms, never thinking of flight.
- I knew that Muhammad would conquer
- And would stay there many Safars.
- The Jews in the fighting that day
- Opened their eyes in the dust.
Ibn Ishaq (d. 768); Ibn Hisham (d. 833), A. Guillaume, ed, The Life of Muhammad [Sirat Rasul Allah], Oxford UP, pp. 517-518, ISBN 0-19-636033-1, 1955, https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 340-341, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
Banu Qurayza
Ibn Muthanna (in his version of the tradition) has not mentioned the alternative words.
Quraysh
Al-Waqidi asserts that in this year, in Ramadan, seven months after the Hijrah (about March 623), the Messenger of God entrusted a white banner to Hamzah b. 'Abd al-Muttalib with the command of thirty men of the Emigrants. Their aim was to intercept the caravans of Quraysh. Hamzah met Abu Jahl at the head of three hundred men. Majdi b. 'Amr al-Juhani intervened between them, and they separated without a battle. The banner of Hamzah was carried by Abu Marthad.
أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 402, https://app.turath.io/book/9783
According to Ibn Humayd--Salamah b. al-Fadl--Muhammad b. Ishaq: The Messenger of God came to Medina on the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal (September 24, 622), and remained there for the rest of Rabi' al-Awwal, Rabi' al-Akhir, the two Jumadas, Rajab, Sha'ban, Ramadan, Shawwal, Dhu al-Qa'dah, Dhu al-Hijjah--the pilgrimage in that month was directed by the polytheists-and Muharram. In Safar (which began August 4, 623), nearly twelve months after his arrival in Medina on the twelfth of Rabi' alAwwal, he went out on a raid as far as Waddan, searching for Quraysh and the Banu Damrah b. Bakr b. 'Abd Manat b. Kinanah. This was the expedition of al-Abwa', in the course of which the Banu Damrah made a treaty of friendship with him; their fellow tribesman and chief, Makhshi b. 'Amr, acted on their behalf. Then the Messenger of God returned to Medina without any fighting, and remained there for the rest of Safar and the beginning of Rabi' al-Awwal.
أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 403, https://app.turath.io/book/9783
A Ghazwa is an Islamic Invasion in Allah’s Cause consisting of an army unit led by the Prophet himself.
In this year, according to all the Sirah-writers, the Messenger of God personally led the expedition of Al-Abwa', or, as it is sometimes called, Waddan; the two places are six miles apart and opposite one another. When he went there, the Messenger of God left Sa'd b. 'Ubadah b. Dulaym in command of Medina ' On this expedition his banner was carried by Hamzah b. 'Abd al-Muttalib, and was, it is said, white.
Al-Waqidi asserts that he stayed there for fifteen days and then returned to Medina.
أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 407, https://app.turath.io/book/9783
Some of the family of 'Abd Allah b. Jahsh relate that he said to his companions, "The Messenger of God receives a fifth of the booty you have taken." This was before God made (surrendering) a fifth of booty taken a duty. He set aside a fifth of the booty for the Messenger of God and divided the rest between his companions. When they reached the Messenger of God he said, "I did not order you to fight in the sacred month," and he impounded the caravan and the two captives and refused to take anything of it. When the Messenger of God said this they were aghast and thought that they were ruined, and the Muslims rebuked them severely for what they had done, saying to them, "You have done what you were not commanded to do, and have fought in the sacred month when you were not commanded to fight." Quraysh said, "Muhammad and his companions have violated the sacred month and shed blood in it, have seized property in it and taken men captive in it." Those Muslims who were (still) in Mecca refuted this, saying, "They seized what they seized in (the following month) Sha'ban." The Jews, seeing in this (event) an omen unfavourable to the Messenger of God, said, "'Amr b. al-Hadrami was killed by Waqid b. 'Abd Allah. "Amr' means war is flourishing ('amarat); 'al-Hadrami' means war is at hand (hadarat); 'Wagid b. 'Abd Allah' means war is set ablaze (waqadat)." However God turned this to their disadvantage, not their advantage, and when people began to say this frequently God revealed to His Messenger: "They question thee with regard to warfare in the sacred month. . . ."" When the Qur'anic passage concerning this matter was revealed, and God relieved the Muslims from the fear in which they found themselves, the Messenger of God took possession of the caravan and the two prisoners. Quraysh sent to him to ransom 'Uthman b. 'Abd Allah and al-Hakam b. Kaysan, but the Messenger of God said, "We will not release them to you on payment of ransom until our two companions (meaning Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas
and 'Utbah b. Ghazwan) get back, for we are afraid that you may harm them. If you kill them, we will kill your companions." Sa'd and 'Utbah came back, however, and the Messenger of God released the (prisoners) on payment of ransom. As for al-Hakam b. Kaysan, he became a Muslim, and an excellent one; he remained with the Messenger of God until he was killed as a martyr at the battle of Bi'r Ma'unah.أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 412-413, https://app.turath.io/book/9783
When Abd Sufyan heard that the companions of the Messenger of God were on their way to intercept him, he sent to Quraysh (saying), "Muhammad and his companions are going to intercept your caravan, so protect your merchandise." When Quraysh heard this, since all the clans of Ka'b b. Lu'ayy were represented in Abd Sufyan's caravan, the people of Mecca hastened towards it. The body of men was drawn from the clans comprised in the Banu Ka'b b. Lu'ayy but did not contain any of the clan of 'Amir , except for some of the subclan of Malik b. Hisl. Neither the Messenger of God nor his companions heard about this force from Mecca until the Prophet reached Badr, which was on the route of those horsemen of Quraysh who had taken the coastal road to Syria. Abu Sufyan then doubled back from Badr and kept to the coastal road, being afraid of an ambush at Badr.
أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 421-423, https://app.turath.io/book/9783
See also: Ishaq 293
- Could you not sleep because of the spectre of Salma in the sandy valleys,
- And the important event that happened in the tribe?
- You see that neither admonition not a prophet's call
- Can save some of Lu'ayy from unbelief;
- A truthful prophet came to them and they gave him the lie,
- And said, 'You shall not live among us.'
- When we called them to the truth they turned their backs,
- They howled like bitches driven back panting to their lairs;
- With how many of them have we tries of kinship,
- Yet to abandon piety did not weigh upon them;
- If they turn back from their unbelief and disobedience
- (For the good the lawful is not like the abominable);
- If they follow their idolatry and error
- God's punishment on them will not tarry;
- We are men of Ghalib's highest stock
- From which nobility comes through many branches;
- I swear by the lord of camels urged on at even by singing,
- Their feet protected by old leather thongs,
- Like the red-backed deer that haunt Mecca
- Going down to the well's slimy cistern;
- I swear, and I am no perjurer,
- If they do not quickly repent of their error,
- A valiant band will descend upon them,
- Which will leave women husbandless.
- It will leave dead men, with vultures wheeling round,
- It will not spare the infidels as Ibn Harith did.
- Give the Banu Sahm with you a message
- And every infidel who is trying to do evil;
- If you assail my honour in your evil opinion
- I will not assail yours.
Ibn Ishaq (d. 768); Ibn Hisham (d. 833), A. Guillaume, ed, The Life of Muhammad [Sirat Rasul Allah], Oxford UP, pp. 281-282, ISBN 0-19-636033-1, 1955, https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 592-593, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
One of 'Abdullah's family mentioned that God divided the booty when He made it permissible and gave four-fifths to whom God had allowed to take it and one-fifth to God and His apostle. So it remained on the basis of what 'Abdullah had done with the booty of that caravan
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 604-605, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 606-607, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 615, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
Before the Prophet met the force from Mecca a horseman from Abu Sufyan and his convoy came to these and said, "Go back! "--meaning that Quraysh was to withdraw while they were at al-Juhfah. They said, "By God, we will not go back without halting at Badr and staying there for three nights so that the men of Hijaz who have come to us can see us, for none of the Arabs will see us and our army and dare to fight us." They are the people concerning whom God said, ". . . who came forth from their dwellings boastfully and to be seen of men."
أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 424, https://app.turath.io/book/9783
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 621, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
- I hasten to God without provision except fear of God and working for the Hereafter
- And patience in God in the struggle, for every other provision is liable to be exhausted
- Except for fear of God, piety and right guidance.
أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 448-449, https://app.turath.io/book/9783
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 628, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
People surrounded us and placed us under a kind of restraint, while I was trying to protect Umayyah. One man struck his son, who fell down. Umayyah gave a scream the like of which I have never heard. I said, "Save yourself, for there is no escape (for him). By God, I cannot do anything for you." Then they hacked at them with their swords until they had finished with them. 'Abd al-Rahman used to say, "May God have mercy on Bilal! I lost my coats of mail, and he deprived me of my captives."
أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 451-453, https://app.turath.io/book/9783
'Abdullah b. Abu Bakr from one of b. Sa'ida from Abu Usayd Malik b. Rabi'a who was present at Badr told him after he had lost his sight: 'If I were in Badr today and had my sight I could show you the glen from which the angels emerged. I have not the slightest doubt on the point.'
My father Ishaq b. Yasar from men of B. Mazin b. al-Najjar from Abu Da'ud al-Mazini, who was at Badr, told me: 'I was pursuing a polytheist at Badr to smite him, when his head fell off before I could get at him with my sword, and I knew that someone else had killed him.'
One above suspicion from Miqsam, freedman of 'Abdullah b. aI-Harith from 'Abdullah b. 'Abbas, told me, 'The sign of the angels at Badr was white turbans flowing behind them: at Hunayn they wore red turbans'.
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 633, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
According to Ibn Humayd--Salamah--Muhammad (ibn Ishaq)--Thawr b. Zayd the mawla of the Banu al-Dil--'Ikrimah the mawla of Ibn 'Abbas-Ibn 'Abbas: also 'Abd Allah b. Ab-I Bakr: Mu'adh b. 'Amr b. al-Jamuh the brother of the Banu Salimah used to say, "When the Messenger of God had finished with his enemy, he gave orders that Abu Jahl should be searched for among
the dead, and said, 'O God, let him not have escaped you!" The first man who encountered Abu Jahl was Mu'adh b. 'Amr b. al-Jamuh, who said, "Abu Jahl was in a sort of thicket and I heard the people saying, 'We cannot get at Abu al-Hakam.' When I heard this, I made him my mark, and I made my way toward him. When he was within my reach, I attacked him and struck him a blow which severed his foot and half his leg. By God, when it flew off I could only compare it to a date-stone which flies out of a
date-stone crusher when it is struck.
أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 454-455, https://app.turath.io/book/9783
Men of B. Makhzum assert that Ibn Mas'ud used to say: He said to me, 'You have climbed high, you little shepherd.' Then I cut off his head and brought it to the apostle saying, 'This is the head of the enemy of God, Abu Jahl.' He said, 'By God than Whom there is no other, is it?' (This used to be his oath.) 'Yes,' I said, and I threw his head before the apostle and he gave thanks to God.
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 635-637, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
See Also Tabari VII 62
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 643-644, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 647, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 647-648, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
- Tidings reached me of their wicked treatment of Zaynab,
- So criminal that men could not imagine it.
- Muhammad was not put to shame when she was sent forth
- Because of the result of the bloody war between us.
- From his alliance with I)amt.bm' and his war with us
- Abu Sufyan got but disappointment and remorse.
- We bound his son 'Amr and his sworn friend together
- In well-wrought jangling irons.
- I swear we shall never lack soldiers,
- Army leaders with many a champion.
- Driving before us infidel Quraysh until we subdue them
- With a halter above their noses (and) with a branding iron.
- We will drive them to the ends of Najd and Nakhla.
- If they drop to the lowland we will pursue them with horse and foot
- So that our road will never deviate.
- We will bring upon them the fate of 'Ad and Jurhum.
- A people that disobeyed Muhammad will regret it.
- And what a time for showing repentance!
- Tell Abu Sufyan if you meet him
- 'If you arc not sincere in worship, and embrace Islam
- Then shame will come on you speedily in this life
- And in bell you will wear a garment of molten pitch for ever!'
Ibn Ishaq (d. 768); Ibn Hisham (d. 833), A. Guillaume, ed, The Life of Muhammad [Sirat Rasul Allah], Oxford UP, pp. 315-316, ISBN 0-19-636033-1, 1955, https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 655-656, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
Of the poetry about the battle of Badr which the two parties bandied between them in reference to what happened therein are the lines of Hamza b. 'Abdu'I-Muttalib:
- Surely one of time's wonders
- (Though roads to death are plain to see)
- Is that a people should destroy themselves and perish
- By encouraging one another to disobedience and disbelief.
- The night they all set out for Badr
- And became death's pawns in its well.
- We had sought but their caravan, naught else,
- But they came to us and we met unexpectedly.'
- When we met there was no way out
- Save with a thrust from dun-coloured straight-fashioned shafts
- And a blow with swords which severed their heads,
- Swords that glittered as they smote.
- We left the erring 'Utba lying dead
- And Shayba among the slain thrown in the well;
- 'Amr lay dead among their protectors
- And the keening women rent their garments for him,
- The noble women of Lu'ayy b. Ghalib
- Who surpass the best of Fihr.
- Those were folk who were killed in their error
- And they left a banner not prepared for victory
- A banner of error whose people Iblis led.
- He betrayed them (the evil one is prone to treachery).
- When he saw things clearly he said to them,
- 'I am quit of you. I can no longer endure,
- I see what you do not see, I fear God's punishment
- For He is invincible.'
- He led them to death so that they perished
- While ho knew what they could not know.
- On the day of the well they mustered a thousand,
- We three hundred like excited white stallions.
- With us were God's armies when He reinforced us with them
- In a place that will ever be renowned.
- Under our banner Gabriel attacked with them
- In the fray where they met their death.
Ibn Ishaq (d. 768); Ibn Hisham (d. 833), A. Guillaume, ed, The Life of Muhammad [Sirat Rasul Allah], Oxford UP, p. 340, ISBN 0-19-636033-1, 1955, https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 8-9, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
- Have you not seen how God favoured His apostle
- With the favour of a strong, powerful, and gracious one.
- How He brought humiliation on the unbelievers
- Who were put to shame in captivity and death,
- While the apostle of God's victory was glorious
- He being sent by God in righteousness.
- He brought the Furqan sent down from God,
- Its signs' are plain to men of sense.
- Some firmly believed in that and were convinced
- And (thanks to God) became one people;
- Others disbelieved, their minds went astray
- And the Lord of the throne brought repeated calamities upon them;
- At Badr He gave them into the power of His apostle
- And an angry army who did valiantly.
- They smote them with their trusty swords,
- Furbished well, and polished.
- How many a lusty youngster,
- Many a hardy warrior did they leave prone.
- Their keening women spent a sleepless night,
- Their tears now strong, now weak.
- They keen for erring 'Utba and his son,
- And Shayba and Abu Jahl
- And Dhu'I-Rijl and Ibn Jud'an also,
- With burning throats in mourning garb displaying bereavement.
- Dead in Badr's well lay many,
- Brave in war, generous in times of dearth;
- Error called them and some responded
- (For error has ways easy to adopt).
- Now they are in Hell,
- Too occupied to rage furiously against us
Al-Harith b. Hisham b. al-Mughira answered him thus:
- I wonder at folk whose fool sings
- Of folly captious and vain,
- Singing about the slain at Badr
- When young and old vied in glorious endeavour,
- The brave swordsman of Lu'ayy, Ibn Ghalib,
- Thrusting in battle, feasting the hungry in times of dearth;
- They died nobly, they did not sell their family
- For strangers alien in stock and homeland,
- Like you who have made Ghassan your special friends
- Instead of us-a sorry deed,
- An impious, odious crime, and a severing of the ties of blood;
- Men of judgement and understanding perceive your wrongdoing,
- True, they are men who have passed away,
- But the best death is on the battlefield.
- Rejoice not that you have killed them,
- For their death will bring you repeated disaster.
Ibn Ishaq (d. 768); Ibn Hisham (d. 833), A. Guillaume, ed, The Life of Muhammad [Sirat Rasul Allah], Oxford UP, p. 341-342, ISBN 0-19-636033-1, 1955, https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 11-12, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
- I wonder at God's deed, since He
- Docs what He wills, none can defeat Him.
- He decreed that we should meet at Badr
- An evil band (and evil ever leads to death).
- They had summoned their neighbours on all sides
- Until they formed a great host.
- At us alone they came with ill intent,
- Ka'b and 'Amir and all of them.
- With us was God's apostle with Aus round him
- Like a strong impregnable fortress
- The tribes of Banu Najjar beneath his banner
- Advancing in light armour while the dust rose high.
- When we met them and every steadfast warrior
- Ventured his life with his comrades
- We testified to the unity of God
- And that His apostle brought the truth.
- When our light swords were unsheathed
- 'Twas as though fires flashed at their movement.
- With them we smote them and they scattered
- And the impious met death,
- Abu Jahl lay dead on his face
- And 'Utba our swords left in the dust.
- Shayba and AI-Taymi they left on the battlefield,
- Everyone of them denied Him who sitteth on the throne.
- They became fuel for Hell,
- For every unbeliever must go there.
- It will consume them, while the stoker
- Increases its heat with pieces of iron and stone.
- God's apostle had called them to him
- But they turned away, saying, 'You are nothing but a sorcerer.'
- Because God willed to destroy them,
- And none can avert what He decrees.
Ibn Ishaq (d. 768); Ibn Hisham (d. 833), A. Guillaume, ed, The Life of Muhammad [Sirat Rasul Allah], Oxford UP, p. 344, ISBN 0-19-636033-1, 1955, https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 14-15, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
- The Banu. Asad were disappointed and their raiders returned
- On the day of the Well in misery and disgrace.
- Abu'I-'As soon lay dead on the ground:
- Hurled from the back of his galloping steed:
- He met his end with his weapons, good fighter as he was
- When he lay still in death.
- The man Zam'a we left with his throat severed,
- His life blood flowing away,
- His forehead cushioned in the dust,
- His nostrils defiled with filth;
- Ibn Qays escaped with a remnant of his tribe
- Covered with wounds, at the point of death.
Hassan also said:
- Can anyone say if the Meccans know
- How we slew the unbelievers in their evil hour?
- We killed their leaders in the battle
- And they returned a shattered force;
- We killed Abu Jahl and 'Utba before him,
- And Shayba fell forward with his hands outstretched.'
- We killed Suwayd and 'Utba after him.
- Tu'ma also in the dust of combat.
- Many a noble, generous man we sIew
- Of lofty line, illustrious among his people.
- We left them as meat for hyaenas
- Later to burn in Hell fire.
- I'faith Malik's horsemen and their followers were no protection
- When they met us at Badr.
Ibn Ishaq (d. 768); Ibn Hisham (d. 833), A. Guillaume, ed, The Life of Muhammad [Sirat Rasul Allah], Oxford UP, p. 348, ISBN 0-19-636033-1, 1955, https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 20-22, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
- Who will send a messenger from me
- With news that a shrewd man will confirm?
- Do not you know how I kept returning to the fight at Badr
- When the swords flashed around you,
- When the army's leaders were left prostrate,
- their heads like slices of melon?
- A gloomy fate, to the people's hurt,
- Came upon you in the valley of Badr;
- My resolution saved them from disaster
- And God's help and a well-conceived plan.
- I returned alone from al-Abwa'
- When you were surrounded bv the enemy
- Helpless, if anyone attacked you
- Wounded and bleeding by the side of Kurash.
- Whenever a comrade in distress called
- For my aid in an evil day
- A brother or ally in such case,
- Much as I love my life I answered his call.
- I returned to the fray, dispelling gloom,
- And shot when faces showed hostility.
- Many an adversary have I left on the ground
- To rise painfully like a broken twig.
- When battle was joined I dealt him a blow
- That drew blood-his arteries murmured aloud:
- That is what I did on the day of Badr.
- Before that I was resourceful and steadfast,
- Your brother as you know in war and famine
- Whose evils are ever with us,
- Your champion undaunted by darkest night or superior numbers.
- Out into the bitter black might I plunged
- When the freezing wind forces dogs to shelter.
Ibn Ishaq (d. 768); Ibn Hisham (d. 833), A. Guillaume, ed, The Life of Muhammad [Sirat Rasul Allah], Oxford UP, p. 357, ISBN 0-19-636033-1, 1955, https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 36-38, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 475, https://app.turath.io/book/9783
Abu Ja'far (al-Tabari) says: The Messenger of God remained in Medina after his return from Badr. When he first came to Medina he had made a compact with its Jews that they would not aid anyone against him and that if any enemy attacked him there they would come to his aid. After the Messenger of God killed many polytheists of Quraysh at Badr, (the Jews) were envious and behaved badly towards him, saying, "Muhammad has not met anyone who is good at fighting. Had he met us, he would have had a battle which would be unlike a battle with anyone else." They also infringed the contract in various ways
أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 479, https://app.turath.io/book/9783
See Also Ishaq 288
Al-Waqidi says: in Jumada al-Akhirah (which began November 19, 624) of this year the expedition to al-Qaradah took place. Its leader is said to have been Zayd b. Harithah. This is the first expedition led by Zayd b. Harithah.
According to Abu Ja`far (al-Tabari)--Ibn Humayd--Salamah--Ibn Ishaq: The Messenger of God sent Zayd b. Harithah on an expedition in which he captured the caravan of Quraysh led by Abu Sufyan b. Harb at Qaradah, a watering place in Najd. After what happened at the battle of Badr, Quraysh were afraid to take the road which they used to follow to Syria and instead took the Iraq route. A number of their merchants set out, and among them was Abu Sufyan b. Harb with a large amount of silver, since this was the main part of their merchandise. They hired a man of Bakr b. Wa'il named Furat b. Hayyan to guide them along this route. The Messenger of God sent out Zayd b. Harithah, who met them at that watering place and captured the caravan and its goods, but was unable to take the men. He then brought the caravan to the Messenger of God.
أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 492-493, https://app.turath.io/book/9783
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 113, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
Now Huyayy b. Akhtab had gone With B. Qurayza Into their forts when Quraysh and Ghatafan had withdrawn and left them, to keep his word to Ka'b b. Asad; and when they felt sure that the apostle would not leave them until he had made an end of them Ka'b b. Asad said to them: 'O Jews, you can see what has happened to you; I offer you three alternatives. Take which you please.' (i) We will follow this man and accept him as true, for by God it has become plain to you that he is a prophet who has been sent and that it is he that you find mentioned in your scripture; and then your lives, your property, your women and children will be saved. They said, 'We will never abandon the laws of the Torah and never change it for another.' He said, 'Then if you won't accept this suggestion (ii) let us kill our wives and children and send men with their swords drawn to Muhammad and his companions leaving no encumbrances behind us, until God decides between us and Muhammad. If we perish, we perish, and we shall not leave children behind us to cause us anxiety. If we conquer we can acquire other wives and children.' They said, 'Should we kill these poor creatures? What would be the good of life when they were dead?' He said, 'Then if you will nut accept this suggestion (iii) tonight is the eve of the sabbath and it may well be that Muhammad and his companions will feel secure from us then, so come down, perhaps we can take Muhammad and his companions by surprise.' They said: 'Are we to profane our sabbath and do on the sabbath what those before us of whom you well know did and were turned into apes?' He answered, 'Not a single man among you from the day of your birth has ever passed a night resolved to do what he knows ought to be done.'
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 235-236, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
Uhud
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 129, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
Miscellaneous
أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 3, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 157-158, https://app.turath.io/book/9783
In this year, in Dhu al-Qa'dah, the Messenger of God entrusted to Sa'd b. Abi Waggas a white banner (for an expedition) to al-Kharrar. It was carried by al-Miqdad b. 'Amr.
According to Abu Bakr b. Ismail-his father-'Amir b. Sa'd-his father: I set out on foot at the head of twenty men (or, twenty-one men). We used to lie hidden by day and march at night, until we reached al-Kharrar on the fifth morning. The Messenger of God had enjoined me not to go beyond al-Kharrar, but the caravan had got to al-Kharrar a day before me; there were sixty men with it. Those who were with Sa'd were all from the Emigrants.
أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 403, https://app.turath.io/book/9783
Narrated Salama in another narration: I fought seven Ghazwat (i.e. battles) along with the Prophet and also fought in nine battles, fought by armies sent by the Prophet. Once Abu Bakr was our commander and another time, Usama was (our commander).
Meanwhile the apostle had sent Sa'd b. Abu Waqqas with eight men from the emigrants. He went as far as al-Kharrar in the Hijaz. Then he returned.
The Raid on Safwan, Which is the First Raid of Badr:
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 600-601, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 603, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
- You count war in the holy month as a grave matter,
- But graver is, if one judges rightly,
- Your opposition to Muhammad's teaching, and your
- Unbelief in it, which God sees and witnesses,
- Your driving God's people from his mosque
- So that none can be seen worshipping Him there,
- Though you defame us for killing him,
- More dangerous to Islam is the sinner who envies.
- Our lances drank of Ibn al-Hadrami's blood
- In Nakhla when Waqid lit the flame of war,
- 'Uthman ibn 'Abdullah is with us,
- A leather band streaming with blood restrains him.
Ibn Ishaq (d. 768); Ibn Hisham (d. 833), A. Guillaume, ed, The Life of Muhammad [Sirat Rasul Allah], Oxford UP, pp. 288-289, ISBN 0-19-636033-1, 1955, https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 605-606, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 608-609, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 1, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 612-613, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
- Were it not for what our horses suffered and what hurt their frogs
- As they were led to the south of Saya last night,
- They would have met you as they carried well-armed warriors
- Noble in ancestry protecting their standard,
- And the bastards would have rejoiced that we
- Did not fight when Miqdad's horsemen came.
- We were eight; they were a great force
- Loud-voiced yet pricked by (our) lances (and) scattered.
- We were of the people who followed them
- And we gave free rein to every noble steed.
- Yea, by the Lord of the camels that go to Mina
- Traversing the great mountain passes (we will pursue you)
- Till we make the horses stale' in the midst of your dwellings
- And come back with your women and children,
- Walking gently with every swift horse and mare
- That turns swiftly in every battle.
- A day in which they are led and a day of charges
- Has worn out their quarters and altered the appearance of their backs.
- Our horses are fed on milk
- While war is kindled by passing winds.
- Our sharp swords glittering cut through
- Iron shields and pugnacious heads.
- Allah put obstacles in their way to protect His sacred property
- And to protect His dignity.'
- They lived happily in their home, but
- On the days of Dhu Qarad they were given the faces of slaves.
Ibn Ishaq (d. 768); Ibn Hisham (d. 833), A. Guillaume, ed, The Life of Muhammad [Sirat Rasul Allah], Oxford UP, pp. 488-489, ISBN 0-19-636033-1, 1955, https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up
ابن إسحاق; ابن هشام, سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 285-286, https://app.turath.io/book/23833
Questions After the Return to Medina:
أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, p. 412, https://app.turath.io/book/9783
See also: Ishaq 287
According to Abu Ja'far (al-Tabari): The Messenger of God went out, as I have been informed by authorities other than Ibn Ishaq, on 3 Ramadan (February 28, 624) at the head of over three hundred and ten of his companions. There is a difference of opinion as to how many more than (three hundred and) ten there were. Some say there were three hundred and thirteen men.
Those who say this.
According to Abu Kurayb--Abu Bakr b. 'Ayyash--Abu Ishaqal--Bara': We used to relate that the people of Badr on the day of Badr were like the number of people of Saul, three hundred men and thirteen men who crossed the river. The account ends at this point.
According to Muhammad b. `Ubayd al-Muharibi--Abu Malik al--Janbi-al-Hajjaj--al-Hakam--Miqsam--a `Abbas: The Emigrants on the day of Badr were seventy-seven men, and the Ansar were two hundred and thirty-six men. The banner of the Messenger of God was carried by 'Ali b. Abi Talib and the banner of the Ansar was carried by Sa'd b. `Ubadah.
According to Ibn Humayd-Salamah-Ibn Ishaq: Those who were present, took part in it, and reaped its reward were three hundred and fourteen men.
According to others: They were three hundred and eighteen.
أبو جعفر الطبري, تاريخ الرسل والملوك, vol. 2, al-Maktabah al-Shamilah, pp. 431-432, https://app.turath.io/book/9783