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+{{#seo:
+ |title=Jinn
+ |title_mode={{{title_mode|}}}
+ |keywords={{{keywords|}}}
+ |description={{{description|}}}
+ |image=Profile - Genie.jpg
+}}
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 '''Jinn''' (جن‎ ''ǧinn'', singular جني ''ǧinnī'' ; variant spelling ''djinn'') or, as Romanized more broadly, '''genies'''<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genie|2=2012-04-27}} Genie] - Wiktionary, accessed April 27, 2012</ref> are said to be supernatural creatures that occupy a parallel world to that of mankind. Belief in jinn was common in pre-Islamic Arabia, where they were thought to inspire poets and soothsayers.<ref>Britannica.com. History & Society. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/jinni Entry on Jinni.]</ref> Their existence is confirmed in Islam as they are mentioned in the [[Qur'an]], [[hadith]], other [[Islam and Scripture|Islamic texts]] and Arab folklore. The Jinn are believed to exist in many sub-species themselves, with some living in the air, others as humans on land, and some like "snakes and dogs".<ref>Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1885). "Genii". ''Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopædia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies'' . London, UK: W.H.Allen. pp. 134–6. Retrieved 4 October 2019.</ref> Together, the various jinns, humans and angels make up the three sentient creations of [[Allah]]. Like human beings, the jinn can also be good, evil, or neutrally benevolent.<ref>El-Zein, Amira. [http://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA116-IA117&lpg=PA116-IA117&dq=Jinn:+Medieval+Islamic+Civilization+-+An+Encyclopaedia&source=bl&ots=TSnTkHUY_j&sig=mXTd96-4uH5A5dpRvcBvgDGjUS4&hl=en&ei=HScES6WOBMLDlAek9IHtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CAwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Jinn%3A%20Medieval%20Islamic%20Civilization%20-%20An%20Encyclopaedia&f=false "Jinn,"] 420-421, in Meri, Joseph W., ''Medieval Islamic Civilization - An Encyclopedia''.</ref>
@@ Line 29: / Line 36: @@
 ===Qur'an===
+==== Creation ====
 The Jinn are described in the Qur'an as having been made of a smokeless flame:
 {{Quote|{{quran|55|15}}|And the jinn did He create of smokeless fire.}}
@@ Line 36: / Line 45: @@
-. And the Jinn race, We had created before, from the fire of a scorching wind.}}
+. And the Jinn race, We had created before, from the fire of a scorching wind.}}And are made up of communities/nations like humans:
+{{Quote|{{Quran|46|18}}|Such are those on whom the Word concerning nations of the jinn and mankind which have passed away before them hath effect. Lo! they are the losers.}}
+Dr Amira El-Zein discusses some classical Islamic views on these nations:
+{{Quote|El-Zein, Amira. Islam, Arabs, and the Intelligent World of the Jinn (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East) (pp. 15-16). Syracuse University Press.|The nations of jinn are formed of tribes, similar to Arab society in pre-Islam. Many of the tribes of jinn are mentioned in the pre-Islamic and Islamic narratives, such as the tribes of Dahrash, Banu Ghazwan and the tribe of ‘Asr. Like humans, the jinn are thought to be two groups: sedentary people and those who move around called “the nomads of the jinn.” Among those are some who roam by day, and some who roam by night. Although Muslim scholars describe in detail the social organization of the jinn, there is no agreement among them regarding the number of their tribes. Historian al-Husayn ibn ‘Ali al-Mas‘udi (d. 956), for example, mentions the jinn are distributed among twenty-one tribes. Ibn ‘Arabi (d. 1240) claims the jinn are spread among twelve tribes that have their own monarchs and chiefs. Many other scholars acknowledge the number of these tribes is unknown.}}
+==== The Jinn interacting with humans ====
 The first part of Surah al-Jinn discusses the activities and thoughts of a group of Jinn who encountered Muhammad:
+(Interestingly verse 8 onwards uncharacteristically seems to swap to the jinn's perspective without explanation,<ref>Durie, Mark. The Qur’an and Its Biblical Reflexes: Investigations into the Genesis of a Religion (p. 116). Lexington Books.
+..There are conversations reported between the Messenger and others and between believers and disbelievers, and there are often rapid switches between different conversations. ''There are even conversations where jinn speak to each other (Q72)...''
+</ref> contradicting the idea that the Quran is solely the word of God; the section in brackets on verse 8 below is added entirely by the translator Pickthall, which is why most official translations do not have this - as you can see following the link to quranx).
 {{Quote|{{quran-range|72|1|14}}|1. Say (O Muhammad): It is revealed unto me that a company of the Jinn gave ear, and they said: Lo! we have heard a marvellous Qur'an,
@@ Line 88: / Line 107: @@
 It is unclear how rules around e.g. circumcision and eating halal/kosher are followed or if they are at all relevant.
-'''The jinn can create buildings/structures and transport people to far locations instantly:'''
+==== '''The jinn can create buildings/structures and transport people to far locations instantly:''' ====
 The Qur'an states that Sulayman (Solomon) had control over an army and workforce comprised of jinns and animals, among others:
 {{Quote|{{quran|27|17}}|And there were gathered together unto Solomon his armies of the jinn and humankind, and of the birds, and they were set in battle order;}}{{Quote|{{quran-range|34|12|14}}|12. And unto Solomon (We gave) the wind, whereof the morning course was a month's journey and the evening course a month's journey, and We caused the fount of copper to gush forth for him, and (We gave him) certain of the jinn who worked before him by permission of his Lord. And such of them as deviated from Our command, them We caused to taste the punishment of flaming Fire.
@@ Line 101: / Line 119: @@
 . A stalwart of the jinn said: I will bring it thee before thou canst rise from thy place. Lo! I verily am strong and trusty for such work.
-. One with whom was knowledge of the Scripture said: I will bring it thee before thy gaze returneth unto thee [in the "twinkling" of an eye]. And when he saw it set in his presence, (Solomon) said: This is of the bounty of my Lord, that He may try me whether I give thanks or am ungrateful. Whosoever giveth thanks he only giveth thanks for (the good of) his own soul; and whosoever is ungrateful (is ungrateful only to his own soul's hurt). For lo! my Lord is Absolute in independence, Bountiful.}}
+. The one who had knowledge of the Book said, ‘I will bring it to you in the twinkling of an eye.’ So when he saw it set near him, he said, ‘This is by the grace of my Lord, to test me if I will give thanks or be ungrateful. Whoever gives thanks, gives thanks only for his own sake. And whoever is ungrateful [should know that] my Lord is indeed all-sufficient, all-generous.’}}
-'''Romantic and sexual relations'''
+==== '''Romantic and sexual relations''' ====
 The verses describing the virgin women of heaven claim they will not be touched by either humans or jinn:
 {{Quote|{{Quran|55|56}}|Therein are those of modest gaze, whom neither man nor jinni will have touched before them.}}{{Quote|{{Quran|55|74}}|Whom neither man nor jinni will have touched before them}}
 With the implication being according to many scholars that it is possible for them to have intercourse with humans, such as in classical [https://quranx.com/Tafsirs/55.56 tasfirs], and rulings from [http://eshaykh.com/family/can-a-jinn-perform-sex-with-your-wife/ shaykhs]. And many ruling that jinn can technically perform marriages with humans, but it is not lawful.<ref>https://islamqa.org/hanafi/daruliftaa/7923/human-jinn-inter-marriages/</ref> <ref>https://www.islamawareness.net/Jinn/fatwa_marry.html</ref> <ref>https://fiqh.islamonline.net/en/may-a-human-marry-a-jinni/</ref>
+==== Wriggling ====
+Moses's staff is said to wriggle like a jinn (tahtazzu ka-annahā jānnun) during a miraculous transformation, which as Nicolai Sinai notes, may point to an affinity between the jinn and snakes (as found with shaytan and in the hadith), or due to jinn's particular rapidity and suddenness of movement.<ref>Entry: ''jinn, jinnah coll. | demons, jinn jānn | demon, jinni majnūn | jinn-possessed''
-'''Satan'''
+Sinai, Nicolai. Key Terms of the Qur'an: A Critical Dictionary (p. 182). Princeton University Press.</ref>
+{{Quote|{{Quran|27|10}}|And throw down thy staff! But when he saw it writhing as it were a demon, he turned to flee headlong; (but it was said unto him): O Moses! Fear not! the emissaries fear not in My presence,}}
+{{Quote|{{Quran|28|31}}|Throw down thy staff. And when he saw it writhing as it had been a demon, he turned to flee headlong, (and it was said unto him): O Moses! Draw nigh and fear not. Lo! thou art of those who are secure.}}
+==== '''Satan''' ====
 The Qur'an describes Satan (Iblis) as having been of the Jinn:
 {{Quote|{{quran|18|50}}|And (remember) when We said unto the angels: Fall prostrate before Adam, and they fell prostrate, all save Iblis. He was of the jinn, so he rebelled against his Lord's command. Will ye choose him and his seed for your protecting friends instead of Me, when they are an enemy unto you? Calamitous is the exchange for evil-doers.}}
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 {{Quote|{{quran|7|27}}|O Children of Adam! Let not Satan seduce you as he caused your (first) parents to go forth from the Garden and tore off from them their robe (of innocence) that he might manifest their shame to them. Lo! he seeth you, he and his tribe, from whence ye see him not. Lo! We have made the devils protecting friends for those who believe not.}}
 While some classical Islamic scholars differentiated between the "''shayateen''" (plural of Satan, or Shaytan, and translatable as "demons") and the jinn, most simply understood the shayateen to be the group of jinn who committed themselves to serving Shaytan (the head evil Jinn) or who engaged in evil black magic contracts with people. The Qur'an describes such demons as having helped propagate the secrets of black magic that had been revealed to the people of Babylon by two angels:
-{{Quote|{{quran|2|102}}|And follow that which the devils falsely related against the kingdom of Solomon. Solomon disbelieved not; but the devils disbelieved, teaching mankind magic and that which was revealed to the two angels in Babel, Harut and Marut. Nor did they (the two angels) teach it to anyone till they had said: We are only a temptation, therefore disbelieve not (in the guidance of Allah). And from these two (angles) people learn that by which they cause division between man and wife; but they injure thereby no-one save by Allah's leave. And they learn that which harmeth them and profiteth them not. And surely they do know that he who trafficketh therein will have no (happy) portion in the Hereafter; and surely evil is the price for which they sell their souls, if they but knew.}}'''Blocked from reaching upper skies/heavens by stars/meteors'''
+{{Quote|{{quran|2|102}}|And follow that which the devils falsely related against the kingdom of Solomon. Solomon disbelieved not; but the devils disbelieved, teaching mankind magic and that which was revealed to the two angels in Babel, Harut and Marut. Nor did they (the two angels) teach it to anyone till they had said: We are only a temptation, therefore disbelieve not (in the guidance of Allah). And from these two (angles) people learn that by which they cause division between man and wife; but they injure thereby no-one save by Allah's leave. And they learn that which harmeth them and profiteth them not. And surely they do know that he who trafficketh therein will have no (happy) portion in the Hereafter; and surely evil is the price for which they sell their souls, if they but knew.}}
+==== '''Blocked from reaching upper skies/heavens by stars/meteors''' ====
 The rebellious jinn, referred to as satans, are blocked from reaching the 'Exalted Assembly' (listed in secondary Islamic literature as a group of angels with special knowledge) who they would steal information from. Stars with clear flames are thrown at them by the guardian angels, with the author seemingly conflating stars and meteors (''see: [[Scientific Errors in the Quran#Meteors as stars fired at devils]]''):
 {{Quote|{{Quran|37|6-10}}|Indeed, We have adorned the nearest heaven with an adornment of stars And as protection against every rebellious devil [So] they may not listen to the exalted assembly [of angels] and are pelted from every side, Repelled; and for them is a constant punishment, Except one who snatches [some words] by theft, but they are pursued by a burning flame, piercing [in brightness].}}{{Quote|{{Quran|67|5}}|And verily We have beautified the world's heaven with lamps, and We have made them missiles for the devils, and for them We have prepared the doom of flame.}}{{Quote|{{Quran|15|6-18}}|And verily in the heaven we have set mansions of the stars, and We have beautified it for beholders. And We have guarded it from every outcast devil, save him who stealeth the hearing, and them doth a clear flame pursue.}}{{Quote|{{Quran|72|8-9}}|And we have sought [to reach] the heaven but found it filled with powerful guards and burning flames. And we used to sit therein in positions for hearing, but whoever listens now will find a burning flame lying in wait for him.}}
-'''Madness and Possession'''
+==== '''Madness and Possession''' ====
 Pre-Islamic Arab beliefs supported the claim of jinn possession:
 {{Quote|El-Zein, Dr Amira. Islam, Arabs, and the Intelligent World of the Jinn (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East) (p. 74). Syracuse University Press. |Pre-Islamic Arabs believed evil jinn bring madness upon people as well. In fact, the term majnun (possessed/mad/insane in Arabic) literally means “to be possessed by a jinni.” The terms jinn and majnun both are derived from the same linguistic root j-n-n.}}
@@ Line 131: / Line 154: @@
 A much longer list of scholars citing the Islamic evidence for jinn possession, including the hadith, can be found via this Salafi website (Salafi Research Institute) webpage - [https://www.salafiri.com/evidences-for-jinn-possession-a-reply-to-the-detractors/ Evidences for Jinn Possession].
-'''Making people forgetful'''
+==== Tampers with revelations ====
+This possession may be related to how Satan interjects into revelations as mentioned in the Qur'an. These verses have traditionally been linked to the famous [[:en:Qur'an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Muhammad_and_the_Satanic_Verses|Satanic verses]] by classical Qur'anic commentators.<ref>Commentaries for [https://quranx.com/Tafsirs/22.52 ''Verse 22:52'']</ref>
+{{Quote|{{Quran|22|52-53}}|We have sent no messenger or apostle before you with whose recitations Satan did not tamper. Yet God abrogates what Satan interpolates; then He confirms His revelations, for God is all-knowing and all-wise.
+This is in order to make the interpolations of Satan a test for those whose hearts are diseased and hardened: Surely the sinners have gone far in dissent.}}
+==== '''Making people forgetful''' ====
 Satan causes Moses to forget something.
-{{Quote|{{Quran|18|63}}|He replied, “Do you remember when we rested by the rock? <b>˹That is when˺ I forgot the fish. None made me forget to mention this except Satan.</b> And the fish made its way into the sea miraculously.”}}
+{{Quote|{{Quran|18|63}}|He replied, “Do you remember when we rested by the rock? <b>˹That is when˺ I forgot the fish. None made me forget to mention this except Satan.</b> And the fish made its way into the sea miraculously.”}}And a man to forget mentioning Joseph to the king.<ref>See [https://quranx.com/tafsirs/12.42 commentaries on Q12:42] for context.</ref>
+{{Quote|{{Quran|12|42}}|Then he said to the one whom he knew would be delivered from among the two: ‘Mention me to your master.’ <b>But Satan caused him to forget mentioning [it] to his master.</b> So he remained in the prison for several years.}}
 === Hadith ===
@@ Line 161: / Line 189: @@
 This lead to Muhammad even supposedly ordering the killing of black dogs for this reason:
 {{Quote|{{Muslim|10|3813}}|Abu Zubair heard Jabir b. 'Abdullah (Allah be pleased with him) saying:
-Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) ordered us to kill dogs, and we carried out this order so much so that we also kill the dog coming with a woman from the desert. Then Allah's Apostle (ﷺ) forbade their killing. He (the Prophet further) said: It is your duty the jet-black (dog) having two spots (on the eyes), for it is a devil.}}
+Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) ordered us to kill dogs, and we carried out this order so much so that we also kill the dog coming with a woman from the desert. Then Allah's Apostle (ﷺ) forbade their killing. He (the Prophet further) said: It is your duty the jet-black (dog) having two spots (on the eyes), for it is a devil.}}Jinn's take the form of snakes, so give them three days warning in case they are devils who will not heed it:
+{{Quote|{{Muslim|26|5557}}|Abu as-Sa’ib, the freed slaved of Hisham b. Zuhra, said that he visited Abu Sa’id Khudri in his house, (and he further) said: I found him saying his prayer, so I sat down waiting for him to finish his prayer when I heard a stir in the bundles (of wood) lying in a comer of the house. I looked towards it and found a snake. I jumped up in order to kill it, but he (Abu Sa’id Khudri) made a gesture that I should sit down. So I sat down and as he finished (the prayer) he pointed to a room in the house and said: Do you see this room? I said: Yes. He said: There was a young man amongst us who had been newly wedded. We went with Allah’s Messenger (may peace be upon him) (to participate in the Battle) of Trench when a young man in the midday used to seek permission from Allah’s Messenger (may peace be upon him) to return to his family. One day he sought permission from him and Allah’s Messenger (may peace be upon him) (after granting him the permission) said to him: Carry your weapons with you for I fear the tribe of Quraiza (may harm you). The man carried the weapons and then came back and found his wife standing between the two doors. He bent towards her smitten by jealousy and made a dash towards her with a spear in order to stab her. She said: Keep your spear away and enter the house until you see that which has made me come out. He entered and found a big snake coiled on the bedding. He darted with the spear and pierced it and then went out having fixed it in the house, but the snake quivered and attacked him and no one knew which of them died first, the snake or the young man. We came to Allah’s Apostle (may peace be upon him) and made a mention to him and said: Supplicate to Allah that that (man) may be brought back to life. <i>Thereupon he said: Ask forgiveness for your companion and then said: There are in Medina jinns who have accepted Islam, so when you see any one of them, pronounce a warning to it for three days, and if they appear before you after that, then kill it for that is a devil.</i>}}
 Satan can appear with fire to burn you, but are repelled by certain prayers:
 {{Quote|{{Muslim|4|1106}}|Abu Darda' reported: