2,856
edits
Female Genital Mutilation in Islam: Difference between revisions
no edit summary
| [checked revision] | [checked revision] |
Lightyears (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Lightyears (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
| (One intermediate revision by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
{{anchor|hadith}} | {{anchor|hadith}} | ||
FGM is mentioned in (at least) eight Hadith, most of which are still used by proponents of the practice in modern times.<ref>[https://m.islamqa.info/en/answers/60314/circumcision-of-girls-and-some-doctors-criticism-thereof Circumcision of girls and some doctors' criticism thereof] - islamqa.info website - 23 August 2005</ref> In two sahih reports Muhammad and Aisha respectively are reported to have incidentally mentioned male and female circumcision (in the latter case, that the two of them were both circumcised), and Muhammad endorses the practice in three others, though those are graded as da'if (weak) authenticity. Two report [[Sahabah]] (Muhammad's companions) participating in FGM. The remaining hadith has little import doctrinally, but is of linguistic, historical and sociological interest in that it quotes a Meccan warrior being mocked for being one who performs FGM. | FGM is mentioned in (at least) eight Hadith, most of which are still used by proponents of the practice in modern times.<ref>[https://m.islamqa.info/en/answers/60314/circumcision-of-girls-and-some-doctors-criticism-thereof Circumcision of girls and some doctors' criticism thereof] - islamqa.info website - 23 August 2005</ref> In two sahih reports Muhammad and Aisha respectively are reported to have incidentally mentioned male and female circumcision (in the latter case, that the two of them were both circumcised), and Muhammad endorses the practice in three others, though those are graded as da'if (weak) authenticity by some scholars. Two report [[Sahabah]] (Muhammad's companions) participating in FGM. The remaining hadith has little import doctrinally, but is of linguistic, historical and sociological interest in that it quotes a Meccan warrior being mocked for being one who performs FGM. | ||
The following hadith mentions circumcision (''khitan''), though is ambiguous as to whether male, female or both is intended (FGM proponents assume both). The concept of fitra in this hadith physically distinguished believers by various means from non-believers. The other concept of fitra that emerged in early Islam (and a closer match to how the word appears in {{Quran|30|30}}) is that every child is born upon fitrah, and then his parents make him Jew or Christian (see for example {{Muwatta|16||53}} or {{Bukhari|2|23|467}}. | The following hadith mentions circumcision (''khitan''), though is ambiguous as to whether male, female or both is intended (FGM proponents assume both). The concept of fitra in this hadith physically distinguished believers by various means from non-believers. The other concept of fitra that emerged in early Islam (and a closer match to how the word appears in {{Quran|30|30}}) is that every child is born upon fitrah, and then his parents make him Jew or Christian (see for example {{Muwatta|16||53}} or {{Bukhari|2|23|467}}. | ||
| Line 43: | Line 43: | ||
{{Quote|1=Ahmad Ibn Hanbal 20:719; Al-Baihaqqy 8:324|2=Abu al- Malih ibn `Usama's father relates that the Prophet said: "'''Circumcision''' [الْخِتَانُ - khitan] is a law for men and a preservation of honour for women'."}} | {{Quote|1=Ahmad Ibn Hanbal 20:719; Al-Baihaqqy 8:324|2=Abu al- Malih ibn `Usama's father relates that the Prophet said: "'''Circumcision''' [الْخِتَانُ - khitan] is a law for men and a preservation of honour for women'."}} | ||
This one is weak according to Abu Dawud himself and classical scholars such as Ibn Hajah (though sahih according to al-Albani): | This one is weak according to Abu Dawud himself and classical scholars such as Ibn Hajah (though sahih according to al-Albani and was considered sahih by the Shafi'i and Hanbali scholars, mursal or daif by Hanafis and Malikis): | ||
{{Quote|1={{Abu Dawud|41|5251}}|2=Narrated Umm Atiyyah al-Ansariyyah: A woman used to perform '''circumcision''' [الْخِتَانُ - khitan] in Medina. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said to her: "Do not cut severely as that is better for a woman and more desirable for a husband". | {{Quote|1={{Abu Dawud|41|5251}}|2=Narrated Umm Atiyyah al-Ansariyyah: A woman used to perform '''circumcision''' [الْخِتَانُ - khitan] in Medina. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said to her: "Do not cut severely as that is better for a woman and more desirable for a husband". | ||
Abu Dawud said: It has been transmitted by 'Ubaid Allah b. 'Amr from 'Abd al-Malik to the same effect through a different chain. | Abu Dawud said: It has been transmitted by 'Ubaid Allah b. 'Amr from 'Abd al-Malik to the same effect through a different chain. | ||
| Line 64: | Line 64: | ||
{{Main|Female Genital Mutilation in Islamic Law}} | {{Main|Female Genital Mutilation in Islamic Law}} | ||
[[File:Madhhabplusfgm.jpeg|thumb|Maps showing distribution of madhabs and prevalence of FGM]] | [[File:Madhhabplusfgm.jpeg|thumb|Maps showing distribution of madhabs and prevalence of FGM]] | ||
Only one school of Islam - the Shafi'i - makes FGM universally obligatory. The other schools of | Only one school of Islam - the Shafi'i - makes FGM universally obligatory. The other schools of Islamic law permit, recommend or oblige it with differing levels. No school of Islam forbids FGM since nothing that Muhammad allowed can be prohibited. | ||
===Sunni Islam=== | ===Sunni Islam=== | ||
| Line 70: | Line 70: | ||
*The Maliki school recommends FGM, but does not decree it as obligatory. | *The Maliki school recommends FGM, but does not decree it as obligatory. | ||
*The Hanafi school decrees FGM to be optional. The Hanafi is the school of fiqh which least favours FGM and Hanafi communities generally don't practice FGM. | *The Hanafi school decrees FGM to be optional. The Hanafi is the school of fiqh which least favours FGM and Hanafi communities generally don't practice FGM. | ||
*The Shafi'i school decrees FGM to be obligatory. Shafi'i countries | *The Shafi'i school decrees FGM to be obligatory. Shafi'i countries generally have +90% FGM-rates. Infibulation, the most severe form of FGM practiced under Islam, is almost entirely attributable to followers of the Shafi'i school. | ||
*The Hanbali school has have two opinions concerning FGM: some scholars decree it obligatory, other as 'honourable' and therefore recommended. | *The Hanbali school has have two opinions concerning FGM: some scholars decree it obligatory, other as 'honourable' and therefore recommended. | ||