Internal Rhymes as Evidence for Old Hijazi: Difference between revisions

Internal Rhymes as Evidence for Old Hijazi (view source)

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 To see all the internal rhymes, see this article *****
-'''2- Verse-final attributes of Allah.''' The majority of internal rhymes in the Quran fall under this type. Of this type, there are 6 unique high quality internal rhymes, 48 with repetition. As for normal quality internal rhymes of this type (verse-final attributes of Allah), there are 26 unique ones, 236 with repetition.
+'''2- Verse-final attributes of Allah.''' The majority of internal rhymes in the Quran fall under this type. Of this type, there are 12 unique high quality internal rhymes, 49 with repetition. As for normal quality internal rhymes of this type (verse-final attributes of Allah), there are 38 unique ones, 225 with repetition.
 ==Verse-final attributes of Allah==
@@ Line 332: / Line 332: @@
 The word ʕalīm (Knowing) rhymes with the final word of the preceding verse: muhtadūn, and rhymes with the final word of the following verse: muḥsinīn.
-The word ʕalīm was used in the same manner in 44 verses. But the Quran usually doesn’t only use one word as an attribute of God in the ending of verses. The Quran usually uses a pair of two words that form an internal rhyme with each other while the second word of the pair forms an external rhyme with the final words of the surrounding verses. All the internal rhymes of verse-final attributes of God become absent if they were read in classical Arabic. Take for example حكيم عليم “Knower, Wise” which was used in the ending of 15 verses:
+The word ʕalīm was used in the same manner in 44 verses. But the Quran usually doesn’t only use one word as an attribute of God in the ending of verses. The Quran usually uses a pair of two words that form an internal rhyme with each other while the second word of the pair forms an external rhyme with the final words of the surrounding verses. All the internal rhymes of verse-final attributes of God become absent if they were read in classical Arabic. Take for example حكيم عليم “Wise, Knower” which was used in the ending of 15 verses:
 Old Hijazi:            ḥakīm ʕalīm
@@ Line 339: / Line 339: @@
-A list of all Verse-final attributes of Allah that form Old Hijazi internal rhymes
+Other examples of verse-final attributes of Allah that form Old Hijazi internal rhymes:
-- High quality internal rhymes.
-ʕalīm ḥakīm عليم حكيم “Knower, Wise” (15 instances, such as 9:15,28,60,97,106,110)
-     ʕalīmā ḥakīmā عليما حكيما (10 instances, such as 4:11,17,24,92,104,111,170)
-     al-ʕalīm ǝl-ḥakīm العليم الحكيم “the Knower, the Wise”  (4, such as: 12:83,100)
-ḥakīm ʕalīm حكيم عليم “Wise, Knower”  (5, such as 6:83,128,139)
-     al-ḥakīm ǝl-ʕalīm الحكيم العليم (43:84 , 51:30)
-ghafūr shakūr غفور شكور “Forgiving, Appreciative” (35:30,34 , 42:23)
-ʕalīm ḥalīm عليم حليم “Knower, ¬Forbearing” (4:12, 22:59)
-     ʕalīmā ḥalīmā عليما حليما (33:51)
-khabīr baṣīr خبير بصير “Aware, Seeing” (35:31, 42:27)
-     khabīrā baṣīrā خبيرا بصيرا(17:17,30,96)
-qarīb mujīb قريب مجيب  “Near, Responsive” (11:61)
-==Normal quality internal rhymes==
+ʕalīm ḥalīm عليم حليم “Knower, Forbearing” (Q4:12, Q22:59)
-ghafūr raḥīm  غفور رحيم “Forgiving, Merciful” (49 instances, such as 2:173,182,192)
-       ghafūrā raḥīmā غفورا رحيما (15, such as 4:23,96,100,106)
-       al-ghafūr ǝr-raḥīm   الغفور الرحيم “the Forgiving, the Merciful” (7, such as 42:5, 46:8)
-       ar-raīm ǝl-ghafūr  الرحيم الغفور “the Merciful, the Forgiving” (34:2)
-ʕazīz ḥakīm عزيز حكيم “Mighty, Wise” (13, such as 8:10,49,63)
-       ʕazīzā ḥakīmā عزيزا حكيما (5, such as 4:56,158,165)
-       al-ʕazīz ǝl-ḥakīm العزيز الحكيم (29 instances, such as 3:6,18,62)
-samīʕ ʕalīm  سميع عليم “Hearer, Knower “(16, such as 8:17,42,53)
-      as-samīʕ ǝl-ʕalīm السميع العليم (15, such as 2:127,137)
-al-ʕazīz ǝr-raḥīm العزيز الرحيم "the Mighty, the Merciful” (13, such as 26:9,68,104)
-raūf raḥīm  رؤوف رحيم “Kind, Merciful” (9, such as 16:7,47)
-ghafūr ḥalīm  غفور حليم “Forgiving, Forbearing” (4, such as 5:101)
-ḥalīmā ghafūrā  حليما غفورا “Forbearing, Forgiving” (17:44, 35:41)
-ʕalīm khabīr عليم خبير “Knower, Aware” (31:34, 49:13)
-     ʕalīma khabīrā عليما خبيرا (4:35)
-     al-ʕalīm ǝl-khabīr العليم الخبير (66:3)
-ḥakīm khabīr حكيم خبير “Wise, Aware” (11:1)
-    al-ḥakīm ǝl-khabīr   الحكيم الخبير (6:18, 6:73, 34:1)
-ʕalīm qadīr  عليم قدير  “Knower, Powerful” (16:70, 42:50)
-    ʕalīmā qadīrā عليما قديرا  (35:44)
-     al-ʕalīm ǝl-qadīr العليم القدير   (30:54)
-ghafūr ḥalīm غفور حليم “Forgiving, Forbearing” (4, such as 5:101)
-ḥalīmā ghafūrā حليما غفورا   “Forbearing, Forgiving” (17:44, 35:41)
-laṭīf khabīr  لطيف خبير  “Subtle, Aware” (22:63, 31:16)
-      laṭīfā khabīrā   لطيفا خبيرا  (33:34)
-      al-laṭīf ǝl-khabīr اللطيف الخبير (6:103, 67:14)
-ʕalīm khabīr عليم خبير  “Knower, Aware” (31:34, 49:13)
-     ʕalīmā khabīrā عليما خبيرا  (4:35)
-     al-ʕalīm ǝl-khabīr العليم الخبير (66:3)
-ʕazīz ghafūr  عزيز غفور “Mighty, Forgiving” (35:28)
-   al- azīz ǝl-ghafūr العزيز الغفور (67:2)
-al- azīz ǝl-ʕalīm  العزيز العليم “the Mighty, the Knower” (6, such as 6:96, 27:78)
-al-ʕazīz ǝl-ḥamīd  العزيز الحميد “the Mighty, the Owner of Praise”(14:1, 34:6, 85:8)
-samīʕ baṣīr سميع بصير “Hearer, Seer” (4, such as 22:61)
-     samīʕā baṣīrā سميعا بصيرا (3, such as 4:58)
-     as-samīʕ ǝl-baṣīr السميع البصير (4, such as 40:20)
-ʕalīm ḥalīm عليم حليم  “Knower, Forbearing” (4:12, 22:59)
-     ʕalīmā ḥalīmā عليما حليما (33:51)
-raḥīm wadūd رحيم ودود “Merciful, Loving” (11:90)
-ḥakīm ḥamīd حكيم حميد “Wise, Owner of Praise” (41:42)
-shakūr ḥalīm شكور حليم “Appreciative, Forbearing” (64:17)
-al-ghafūr ǝl-wadūd الغفور الودود “the Forgiving, the Loving” (85:14)
-samīʕ qarīb سميع قريب “Hearer, Near” (34:50)
-ḥamīd majīd حميد مجيد “Owner of Praise, Owner of Glory” (11:73)
+khabīr baṣīr خبير بصير “Aware, Seeing” (Q35:31, Q42:27)
+ʕazīz ḥakīm عزيز حكيم “Mighty, Wise” (13 attestations, such as Q8:10,49,63)
+ghafūr raḥīm غفور رحيم “Forgiving, Merciful” (49 attestations, such as Q2:173,182,192)
+You can see the whole list of examples here.
 ==Old Hijazi Internal Rhymes in Hadith==
-Hadith was written down in the second and third Islamic centuries, the same period that Arab grammarians wrote their first works. In their works there’s no mention of any variety of Arabic that lacks nunation and final short vowels. Yet the Hadith tradition has many internal rhymes that only appear if nunation and final short vowels were dropped. Which leads to the same conclusion that Van Putten reaches based on the study of pre-Islamic Arabic varieties and the early Arabic texts written in scripts other than Arabic. He says: “(what) the Arabic the grammarians saw fit to comment upon is a highly selective subset of forms of Arabic that were around. Exclusively taking that which the grammarians saw fit to comment upon as “Arabic”, ignores a vast amount of linguistic variation that existed in the pre-Islamic and early Islamic period.” (Quranic Arabic by Marijn Van Putten, p.18)
+Hadith was written down in the second and third Islamic centuries, the same period that Arab grammarians wrote their first works. In their works there’s no mention of any variety of Arabic that lacks nunation and final short vowels. Yet the Hadith tradition has many internal rhymes that only appear if nunation and final short vowels were dropped. Which leads to the same conclusion that Van Putten reaches based on the study of pre-Islamic Arabic varieties and the early Arabic texts written in scripts other than Arabic. He says:
+{{Quote|Quranic Arabic by Marijn Van Putten, p.18|(what) the Arabic the grammarians saw fit to comment upon is a highly selective subset of forms of Arabic that were around. Exclusively taking that which the grammarians saw fit to comment upon as “Arabic”, ignores a vast amount of linguistic variation that existed in the pre-Islamic and early Islamic period.}}<br />
 ==Examples of Old Hijazi internal rhymes in Hadith==
 The first example is from the seven aḥruf Hadith listed in a huge number of Hadith sources. The two rhyming words in this Hadith always come at a possible pausal position and sometimes at the end of the Hadith, such as:
-«نَزَلَ الْقُرْآنُ عَلَى سَبْعَةِ أَحْرُفٍ كُلٌّ ‌شَافٍ ‌كَافٍ»
+«نَزَلَ الْقُرْآنُ عَلَى سَبْعَةِ أَحْرُفٍ كُلٌّ ‌<u>شَافٍ ‌كَافٍ</u>»<ref>Musannaf of Ibn Abi Shaybah, vol.6 p.137, Dar Al-Taj</ref>
-(Musannaf of Ibn Shaybah, vol.6 p.137, Dar Al-Taj)
 Old Hijazi:            shāf kāf
 Classical Arabic: shāfin kāf, or shāfin kāfī
-أَنَّ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ كَانَ يَدْعُو فِي الصَّلَاةِ اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ عَذَابِ الْقَبْرِ ، وَأَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ فِتْنَةِ الْمَسِيحِ الدَّجَّالِ ، وَأَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ فِتْنَةِ الْمَحْيَا وَالْمَمَاتِ ، اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ الْمَأْثَمِ وَ الْمَغْرَمِ.
-(Sahih Muslim, vol.1 p.412, Matbaʿat Isa Al-Babi)
+<span dir="rtl" lang="en">اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ <u>الْمَأْثَمِ وَ الْمَغْرَمِ.</u></span><ref>Sahih Muslim, vol.1 p.412, Matbaʿat Isa Al-Babi</ref>
 Old Hijazi:            al-mātham wal-maghram
 Classical Arabic: al-maʾthami wal-maghram
-اللَّهمَّ إنِّي أسألُكَ مِنَ الخيرِ كلِّهِ عاجلِهِ وآجلِهِ ، ما عَلِمْتُ منهُ وما لم أعلَمْ ، وأعوذُ بِكَ منَ الشَّرِّ كلِّهِ عاجلِهِ وآجلِهِ ، ما عَلِمْتُ منهُ وما لم أعلَمْ.
-(Sunan Ibn Majah, vol.5 p.17, Dar Al-Risalah Al-ʿilmiyyah)
+اللَّهمَّ إنِّي أسألُكَ مِنَ الخيرِ كلِّهِ ع<u>اجلِهِ وآجلِهِ</u> ، ما عَلِمْتُ منهُ وما لم أعلَمْ ، وأعوذُ بِكَ منَ الشَّرِّ كلِّهِ عاجلِهِ وآجلِهِ ، ما عَلِمْتُ منهُ وما لم أعلَمْ<ref>Sunan Ibn Majah, vol.5 p.17, Dar Al-Risalah Al-ʿilmiyyah</ref>
-OH: ʕājilih wa ʾājilih
+OH: ʕājilih wa ājilih
 CA: ʕājilihī wa ʾājilih
 For more examples see the article (link)
+<br />
 <references />