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A related practice to visually distinguish those who had and had not paid the Jizyah (described below as the 'poll-tax'). | A related practice to visually distinguish those who had and had not paid the Jizyah (described below as the 'poll-tax'). | ||
{{Quote|{{citation|title=Economic Functions of an Islamic State: The Early Experience|author=S. M. Hasanuz Zaman|publisher=The Islamic Foundation|year=1991|pages=214-215|ISBN=0860372022|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/40360540-economic-functions-of-an-islamic-state|edition=Revised}}|In order to manage the affairs of the land, '''Caliph 'Umar''', first had experienced persons survey it and then conduct a census of the population which was also to be subjected to poll-tax [defined by the author as Jizyah]. It is not known how large a team of assistants they took with them because a survey of the whole province could not be undertaken by only one or two men in a reasonable time. Residential areas and houses were excluded from survey. Similarly the undergrowth, area covered under water, or the area inaccessible to water, and mounds (''tala'') were also excluded. Thus the total area of surveyed land was reportedly 36 million ''jarib'' or 125 ''farsakh'' in length and 80 ''farsakh'' in breadth or 10,000 square ''farsakh''. '''In order that people should not evade poll-tax [defined by the author as Jizyah] by pretending to have been counted, a seal was fixed on their necks after they had been counted. A man without a seal was declared to be unprotected [i.e. they would have no civil rights or protections]. Thus about 550,000 persons were dealt with in this way.'''}} | {{Quote|{{citation|title=Economic Functions of an Islamic State: The Early Experience|author=S. M. Hasanuz Zaman|publisher=The Islamic Foundation|year=1991|pages=214-215|ISBN=0860372022|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/40360540-economic-functions-of-an-islamic-state|edition=Revised}}|In order to manage the affairs of the land, '''Caliph 'Umar''', first had experienced persons survey it and then conduct a census of the population which was also to be subjected to poll-tax [defined by the author as Jizyah]. It is not known how large a team of assistants they took with them because a survey of the whole province could not be undertaken by only one or two men in a reasonable time. Residential areas and houses were excluded from survey. Similarly the undergrowth, area covered under water, or the area inaccessible to water, and mounds (''tala'') were also excluded. Thus the total area of surveyed land was reportedly 36 million ''jarib'' or 125 ''farsakh'' in length and 80 ''farsakh'' in breadth or 10,000 square ''farsakh''. '''In order that people should not evade poll-tax [defined by the author as Jizyah] by pretending to have been counted, a seal was fixed on their necks after they had been counted. A man without a seal was declared to be unprotected [i.e. they would have no civil rights or protections]. Thus about 550,000 persons were dealt with in this way.'''}} | ||
=== Taliban issues yellow badges for Afghani Hindus === | |||
{{Quote|{{citation|title=Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia|author=Ahmed Rashid|year=2010|ISBN=9780300163681|url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300163681/taliban|page=218|publisher=Yale University Press|edition=2nd}}|As pressure mounted on the Taliban, the moderate wing within its leadership – who despised the Arabs, was opposed to international terrorism, and was secretly willing to negotiate with the United Nations and others – suffered a major setback when their leader, Mullah Mohammed Rabbani, died of cancer in a Karachi hospital on 16 April. Rabbani was the de facto second in command of the Taliban and had strongly opposed the growing influence of the Arabs on the movement. With Rabbani gone, Al Qaeda persuaded Mullah Mohammed Omar to issue extreme edicts imposing mandates that were unrelated to Afghan culture and tradition. '''Over a few weeks the Taliban''' ordered the closing down of foreign hospitals, '''declared that all Afghan Hindus would have to wear yellow badges''', banned the Internet, put eight Western humanitarian workers on trial and forced the UN’s World Food Programme to shut down its bakeries, which had provided affordable bread to millions of hungry people.}} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||