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This dilemma faces not just on-the-ground charity workers, but the whole hierarchy of institutions devoted to combating FGM. To resolve the dilemma a number of propositions have evolved to support the proposition that FGM is un-Islamic.   
This dilemma faces not just on-the-ground charity workers, but the whole hierarchy of institutions devoted to combating FGM. To resolve the dilemma a number of propositions have evolved to support the proposition that FGM is un-Islamic.   
===FGM is not required by Islam===
===FGM is not required by Islam===
{{Quote|[https://www.academia.edu/6142789/Egypts_Villages_Fight_Female_Genital_Mutilation_WFS_NEWS Dr Ahmed Talib, Dean of the Faculty of Sharia at Al-Azhar University]|“All practices of female circumcision and mutilation are crimes and have no relationship with Islam. Whether it involves the removal of the skin or the cutting of the flesh of the female genital organs… '''it is not an obligation in Islam'''.”}}It is correct that only the Shafi'i school of Islam unarguably rule FGM to be obligatory in Islam. The Shafi'i school is variously estimated to be the second or third largest school of Sunni Islam. Some Hanbali scholars rule FGM to be obligatory.  
{{Quote|[https://www.academia.edu/6142789/Egypts_Villages_Fight_Female_Genital_Mutilation_WFS_NEWS Dr Ahmed Talib, Dean of the Faculty of Sharia at Al-Azhar University]|“All practices of female circumcision and mutilation are crimes and have no relationship with Islam. Whether it involves the removal of the skin or the cutting of the flesh of the female genital organs… '''it is not an obligation in Islam'''.”}}It is correct that only the Shafi'i madhab,  the second or third largest school of Sunni Islam, unarguably rule FGM to be obligatory in Islam. Some Hanbali scholars also rule FGM to be obligatory.
 
But critics of Dr Talib's position might point out that if FGM is a crime, '<nowiki/>''not an obligation'<nowiki/>'' is a no more appropriate response to it than it would be to murder, child sexual abuse or rape. 'Not an obligation' is far from the same thing as 'forbidden'. 'Not obligatory' acts can be 'tolerated', 'allowed', 'recommended' or 'highly recommended' as well as 'forbidden'. And acts that are '''not an obligation''<nowiki/>' can be virtuous, vicious or ethically neutral, such as (respectively) charitable giving, murder, and owning a dog.


Dr Talib describes FGM as a 'crime'. But critics of Dr Talib's position might point out that '<nowiki/>''Not an obligation'<nowiki/>'' is not an acceptable ethical or legal position for a crime. ''<nowiki/>'Not an obligation''' is no more the correct response to FGM than it would be to murder, child sexual abuse or rape.


'Not an obligation' is far from the same thing as 'forbidden'. The legitimacy of an act that is not obligatory can include 'tolerated', 'allowed', 'recommended' and 'highly recommended' as well as 'forbidden'. And acts that are '''not an obligation''<nowiki/>' can be virtuous, vicious or ethically neutral, such as (respectively) giving to charity, murder, and owning a dog.


His first sentence (''"All practices of female circumcision and mutilation are crimes and have no relationship with Islam"'') thus sets up an expectation that his conclusion fails to deliver. Which suggests that he felt unable to conclude that FGM is forbidden in Islam.   
His first sentence (''"All practices of female circumcision and mutilation are crimes and have no relationship with Islam"'') thus sets up an expectation that his conclusion fails to deliver. Which suggests that he felt unable to conclude that FGM is forbidden in Islam.   
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