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=Female Genital Mutilation in Islamic Law= | =Female Genital Mutilation in Islamic Law= | ||
'''Female Genital Mutilation''' (Arabic: ختان المرأة) is the practice of cutting away and altering the external female genitalia for ritual or religious purposes. Those who practice or defend FGM refer to it as 'Female Circumcision'. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) generally consists one or both of the following procedures: '''Clitoridectomy:''' the amputation of part or all of the clitoris (or the removal of the clitoral prepuce); '''Excision:''' the cutting away of either or both the inner or outer labia. A third procedure, '''Infibulation''', involves the paring back of the outer labia, whose cut edges are then stitched together to form, once healed, a seal that covers both the openings of the vagina and the urethra. Infibulation usually also involves clitoridectomy. Those who engage in FGM consider its primary purpose to be the safeguarding of the purity, virtue and reputation of girls and women. | <!-- put more important conclusions in lead -->'''Female Genital Mutilation''' (Arabic: ختان المرأة) is the practice of cutting away and altering the external female genitalia for ritual or religious purposes. Those who practice or defend FGM refer to it as 'Female Circumcision'. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) generally consists one or both of the following procedures: '''Clitoridectomy:''' the amputation of part or all of the clitoris (or the removal of the clitoral prepuce); '''Excision:''' the cutting away of either or both the inner or outer labia. A third procedure, '''Infibulation''', involves the paring back of the outer labia, whose cut edges are then stitched together to form, once healed, a seal that covers both the openings of the vagina and the urethra. Infibulation usually also involves clitoridectomy. Those who engage in FGM consider its primary purpose to be the safeguarding of the purity, virtue and reputation of girls and women. | ||
[[File:Fgmmuslimmap.jpg|alt=World maps comparing distributions of FGM and of Muslims|thumb|World maps comparing distributions of FGM and of Muslims]] | [[File:Fgmmuslimmap.jpg|alt=World maps comparing distributions of FGM and of Muslims|thumb|World maps comparing distributions of FGM and of Muslims]] | ||
FGM is a practice associated with Islam: about 80% of FGM is attributable to Muslims.<ref>[https://fgmtruth.wordpress.com/what-percentage-of-global-fgm-are-moslems-responsible-for/ What Percentage of Global FGM is done by Moslems ?]</ref> Most of the remaining 20% is attributable to non-Muslims living in FGM-practicing Islamic societies (e.g. the Egyptian Copts<ref>[https://copticliterature.wordpress.com/2014/03/12/prevalence-of-and-support-for-female-genital-mutilation-within-the-copts-of-egypt-unicef-report-2013/ Prevalence of and Support for Female Genital Mutilation within the Copts of Egypt: Unicef Report (2013)]</ref>), or to non-Islamic societies that have been hubs of the Islamic slave trade (e.g. Ethiopia and Eritrea). | FGM is a practice associated with Islam: about 80% of FGM is attributable to Muslims.<ref>[https://fgmtruth.wordpress.com/what-percentage-of-global-fgm-are-moslems-responsible-for/ What Percentage of Global FGM is done by Moslems ?]</ref> Most of the remaining 20% is attributable to non-Muslims living in FGM-practicing Islamic societies (e.g. the Egyptian Copts<ref>[https://copticliterature.wordpress.com/2014/03/12/prevalence-of-and-support-for-female-genital-mutilation-within-the-copts-of-egypt-unicef-report-2013/ Prevalence of and Support for Female Genital Mutilation within the Copts of Egypt: Unicef Report (2013)]</ref>), or to non-Islamic societies that have been hubs of the Islamic slave trade (e.g. Ethiopia and Eritrea). | ||
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{{Quote|[https://unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/De-linking%20FGM%20from%20Islam%20final%20report.pdf 'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam'] by Ibrahim Lethome Asmani & Maryam Sheikh Abdi (2008)|'Shafi’i view it as wajib (obligatory) for both females and males'}} | {{Quote|[https://unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/De-linking%20FGM%20from%20Islam%20final%20report.pdf 'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam'] by Ibrahim Lethome Asmani & Maryam Sheikh Abdi (2008)|'Shafi’i view it as wajib (obligatory) for both females and males'}} | ||
'Reliance of the Traveller' by by Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (1302–1367) is the Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law according to Shafi'i School. {{Quote|''Reliance of the Traveler'' [''Umdat al-Salik''], Section e4.3 on Circumcision|'''Obligatory (on every male and female) is circumcision.''' (And it is the cutting-off of the skin [''qat' al-jaldah''] on the glans of the male member and, '''as for the circumcision of the female, that is the cutting-off of the clitoris')}} | 'Reliance of the Traveller' by by Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (1302–1367) is the Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law according to Shafi'i School. {{Quote|''Reliance of the Traveler'' [''Umdat al-Salik''], Section e4.3 on Circumcision|'''Obligatory (on every male and female) is circumcision.''' (And it is the cutting-off of the skin [''qat' al-jaldah''] on the glans of the male member and, '''as for the circumcision of the female, that is the cutting-off of the clitoris')}}Nuh Ha Mim Keller's 1991 translation of Reliance of the Traveller is bowdlerised to make its content more acceptable to Western eyes and translates the word 'bazr' ( بَظْرٌ ) as 'clitorial prepuce' instead of simply 'clitoris' (see section [[#Defining Bazr|Defining Bazr)]]. | ||
===Hanbali Madhab=== | ===Hanbali Madhab=== | ||
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====Muhammad wanted to forbid FGM but couldn't==== | ====Muhammad wanted to forbid FGM but couldn't==== | ||
The same argument is made for Islam's relationshuip with slavery. But one can wonder given that the hadith have him approving of FGM and owning, trading a and capturing slaves - one can ask how much faster the hadith and Qur'an - the Qur'an's and hadith's approval of FGM and slavery have been a major factor in the justification of perpetuation of the practice. One can speculate whether FGM would still be endemic to the Islamic world if the Qur'an contained a single verse explicitly forbidding it, or if there were not FGM in the ahdith. | The same argument is made for Islam's relationshuip with slavery. But one can wonder given that the hadith have him approving of FGM and owning, trading a and capturing slaves - one can ask how much faster the hadith and Qur'an - the Qur'an's and hadith's approval of FGM and slavery have been a major factor in the justification of perpetuation of the practice. One can speculate whether FGM would still be endemic to the Islamic world if the Qur'an contained a single verse explicitly forbidding it, or if there were not FGM in the ahdith. | ||
<s>one can speculate how things would be different if mohammed had forbidden FGM in the Quran with the same force as he did alcohol, and/or just not approved of it in his words and deeds (as recorded in the hadith)</s> | |||
Forbid many other things | Forbid many other things | ||
=== | ===Framing the Issue and Questions of Responsibility=== | ||
Debates concerning FGM and Islam are generally conducted in terms of whether FGM is 'Islamic' - whether Mohammed approved of the practice or not. But a<s>sking if FGM is 'Islamic' is to ask as the wrong question: it is to ask whether FGM conforms to Islam's best conception of itself.</s> | Debates concerning FGM and Islam are generally conducted in terms of whether FGM is 'Islamic' - whether Mohammed approved of the practice or not. | ||
as should be quite clear from the hadith and the scholars - FGM is Islamic | |||
But a<s>sking if FGM is 'Islamic' is to ask as the wrong question: it is to ask whether FGM conforms to Islam's best conception of itself.</s> | |||
<s>But this is not how we hold each other accountable, nor is it how we judge ideologies – both Communism and Nazism would be 'not guilty' of the millions they have killed if they were judged according to their best conceptions of themselves. And Catholicism would exonerate itself of the inquisition.</s> | <s>But this is not how we hold each other accountable, nor is it how we judge ideologies – both Communism and Nazism would be 'not guilty' of the millions they have killed if they were judged according to their best conceptions of themselves. And Catholicism would exonerate itself of the inquisition.</s> | ||