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Co se týče krevního oběhu, mohl být popsán muslimským medikem Ibn Nafis 300 led před William Harvey, ale čínská kniha medicíny toto popisuje 1600 let před Ibn Nafis.<ref>Janet Koenig, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.repohistory.org/circulation/ci_factoids.php3|2=2011-02-08}} A Brief and Selective History of Blood], REPOhistory</ref>  
Co se týče krevního oběhu, mohl být popsán muslimským medikem Ibn Nafis 300 led před William Harvey, ale čínská kniha medicíny toto popisuje 1600 let před Ibn Nafis.<ref>Janet Koenig, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.repohistory.org/circulation/ci_factoids.php3|2=2011-02-08}} A Brief and Selective History of Blood], REPOhistory</ref>  


The article also alleges that Muslim doctors first developed hollow needles to suck cataracts from the eye, and anaesthetics of opium and alcohol mixes. This is not so. Cataract surgery has been performed for many centuries. The earliest reference to cataract surgery was written by the Hindu surgeon Susruta in manuscripts dating from the 5<sup>th</sup> century BC. In Rome, archaeologists found surgical instruments used to treat cataract dating back to the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> century AD. Hollow needles were used to break up the cataract and remove it with suction.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.lasersurgeryforeyes.com/cataracthistory.html|2=2011-02-08}} The History of Cataract Surgery], LaserSurgeryForEyes</ref> Anaesthetics of opium and alcohol mixes were used both by the ancient Chinese and Romans. Greek physician, pharmacologist, and botanist Pedanius Dioscorides (40–90 AD) in his work ''Materia Medica'' (one of the most influential herbal books in history) referred to the taking of an alcoholic extract before an operation. This would suggest that it was typical for the surgeons of ancient Rome to decrease pain of an operation by giving their patients sedative drugs.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.wordsources.info/words-mod-anesthesiaPt1.html|2=2011-02-08}} Facts about Anesthesia’s Past and Present], Word Sources</ref>
Článek zároveň uvádí, že muslimští doktoři poprvé vyvinuli duté jehly pro vycucnutí zákalu z oka, a anestetika ze směsi opia a alkoholu. Není tomu tak. Chirurgie zákalu byla vykonávána po mnoho století. První zmínka o chirurgii zákalu byla napsáno hinduistickým chirurgem Susruta v rukopisech z 5. století př. n. l. V Římě, archeologové našli chirurgické nástroje používané pro léčbu zákalu, z 1. a 2. století. Duté jehly byly používány pro zrušení zákalu a odstranění vycucnutím.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.lasersurgeryforeyes.com/cataracthistory.html|2=2011-02-08}} The History of Cataract Surgery], LaserSurgeryForEyes</ref> Anestetika z opia a alkoholu byly používána jak číňany tak římany. Řecký lékař, farmakolog a botanik Pedanius Dioscorides (40–90 AD) v jeho práci ''Materia Medica'' (jedna z nejvlivnějších knih o rostlinách v historii) se zmiňoval o použití extraktu alkoholu před operací. To naznačuje, že to bylo typické pro chirurgy ve starověkém římě, zmírňovat bolest při operaci tím, že jím dají sedativa.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.wordsources.info/words-mod-anesthesiaPt1.html|2=2011-02-08}} Facts about Anesthesia’s Past and Present], Word Sources</ref>


===Větrný mlýn===
===Větrný mlýn===
{{Quote||Invented in 634 for a Persian caliph and was used to grind corn and draw up water for irrigation. In the vast deserts of Arabia, when the seasonal streams ran dry, the only source of power was the wind which blew steadily from one direction for months. Mills had six or 12 sails covered in fabric or palm leaves. It was 500 years before the first windmill was seen in Europe.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}
{{Quote||Vynalezen roku 634 pro perského chalífu a byl používán pro mletí obilí a zvedání vody pro zavlažování. V širokých pouštích Arábie, když sezónní potoky vyschly, jediným zdrojem energie byl vítr, který foukal konstantně z jedné strany, po dobu několika měsíců. Mlýny měly 6 nebo 12 lopatek pokrytých tkaninou nebo palmovými listy. Bylo to 500 let před tím, než byl první mlýn viděn v Evropě.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}


[[File:Heron's Windwheel.jpg|thumb|left| Reconstruction of the windwheel described by Hero of Alexandria in the first century A.D.]]
[[File:Heron's Windwheel.jpg|thumb|left| Rekonstrukce větrného kola, popsaného Heroem z Alexandrie v prvním století.]]
The windmill was not invented in the year 634 for a Persian caliph. Although the Arabs invaded Persia in 634 AD, contrary to the articles claims, there was no caliph in Persia at that time; he was in Medina, Saudi Arabia. Caliph Abu Bakr died early that year and Umar ibn al-Khattab took over. Fīrūz (Abu-Lu'lu'ah), the Arab-owned non-Muslim slave, who in 644 AD assassinated Caliph Umar in the mosque at Medina, is described by Islamic sources as a Persian builder of windmills.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islambasics.com/view.php?bkID=150&chapter=6|2=2011-02-08}} Al-Farouq Omar Ibnul- Khattab/ Omar's Martyrdom], IslamBasics, The Online Islamic Library</ref> Therefore, the construction of windmills was an already established craft in Persia, antedating the presence of Islam.
Větrný mlýn nebyl vynalezen roku 634 pro perského chalífu. Přestože arabové napadli Persii roku 634 AD, navzdory tomu, co článek tvrdí, nebyl zde žádný chalífa v Persii v té době, byl v Medíně, Saudské Arábii. Chalífa Abu Bakr zemřel dřív toho roku a Umar ibn al-Khattab převzal velení. Fīrūz (Abu-Lu'lu'ah), ne-muslimský otrok vlastněný araby, který byl roku 644 AD zavražděn chalífou Umarem v mešitě v Medíně, je popisován islámskými zdroji jako perský stavitel větrných mlýnů.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islambasics.com/view.php?bkID=150&chapter=6|2=2011-02-08}} Al-Farouq Omar Ibnul- Khattab/ Omar's Martyrdom], IslamBasics, The Online Islamic Library</ref> Proto, konstrukce větrných mlýnů bylo již založené řemeslo v Persii, před příchodem islámu.


If we look to the history behind the development of windmills, the first rotary mills were discovered in Catal Hayuk in Turkey and existed 8,000 years ago,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1222|2=2011-02-08}} History of Technology: Mills], History World</ref> while the first windmills were developed much later to automate the tasks of grain-grinding and water-pumping. One of the earliest watermills mentioned can be found in 1<sup>st</sup> century BC Greek writings, where a watermill was called a ''hydraletēs'', but because of the heavy use of slave labor we do not find the first archeological evidence of watermills until the 4<sup>th</sup> and 5<sup>th</sup> century AD. <ref>Geoffrey Ernest Maurice De Ste. Croix, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MSPttWbUPZsC The class struggle in the ancient Greek world]'' (pg. 38), Cornell University Press, 1989, ISBN 9780801495977</ref> The earliest mention of a type of windmill can be found in the book ''Pneumatica'' written by a 1<sup>st</sup> century AD writer called Hero, in it he describes the creation of a type of windpowered organ. <ref>Donald Routledge Hill, [http://books.google.nl/books?id=MqSXc5sGZJUC&dq=hero+windmill+greek&source=gbs_navlinks_s A history of engineering in classical and medieval times (pg. 172)], London: Croom Helm & La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1984, ISBN 0875484220</ref> The idea was never worked out however and we don't find the earliest-known design of the vertical axis system until developed in Persia about 500–900 AD. China is also often claimed as the  birthplace of the windmill. The belief that it was invented in China more than 2,000 years ago is widespread and may be accurate, but the earliest actual documentation of a Chinese windmill was in 1219 AD by the Chinese statesman Yehlu Chhu-Tshai.<ref>Darrell M. Dodge, [{{Reference archive|1=http://telosnet.com/wind/early.html|2=2011-02-08}} Illustrated History of Wind Power Development: Part 1], TelosNet Web Development</ref>  
Pokud se podíváme na historii větrných mlýnů, první rotační mlýn byl oběven v Catal Hayuk v Turecku a existoval asi před 8000 lety,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1222|2=2011-02-08}} History of Technology: Mills], History World</ref> zatímco nejstarší větrné mlýny byly vyvinuty mnohem později pro automatizaci mletí obilí a čerpání vody. Jeden z prvních větrných mlýnů o kterém máme zmínku, může být nalezen v řeckých textech z 1. století, kde je větrný mlýn nazván ''hydraletēs'', ale díky těžkému použití otrocké práce, nenacházíme archeologické důkazy o větrných mlýnech až do 4. století. <ref>Geoffrey Ernest Maurice De Ste. Croix, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MSPttWbUPZsC The class struggle in the ancient Greek world]'' (pg. 38), Cornell University Press, 1989, ISBN 9780801495977</ref> Nejstarší zmínka o typu větrného mlýna může být nalezena v knize ''Pneumatica'' napsané v 1. století pisatelem jménem Hero, v ní je popisováno tvoření druhu ústrojí poháněného větrem. <ref>Donald Routledge Hill, [http://books.google.nl/books?id=MqSXc5sGZJUC&dq=hero+windmill+greek&source=gbs_navlinks_s A history of engineering in classical and medieval times (pg. 172)], London: Croom Helm & La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1984, ISBN 0875484220</ref> Myšlenka nicméně nebyla nikdy realizována a nenacházíme nejstarší design vertikální osy, až do jeho vyvinutí v Persii v letech 500–900 AD. Čína je také často považována za vynálezce větrných mlýnů. Víra, že to bylo vynalezeno v Číně před více než 2000 lety je široce rozšířená a možná i přesná, ale nejstarší vlastní dokumentace čínského mlýna byla až roku 1219 AD čínským státníkem Yehlu Chhu-Tshai.<ref>Darrell M. Dodge, [{{Reference archive|1=http://telosnet.com/wind/early.html|2=2011-02-08}} Illustrated History of Wind Power Development: Part 1], TelosNet Web Development</ref>  


===Inoculation===
===Očkování===
{{Quote||The technique of inoculation was not invented by Jenner and Pasteur but was devised in the Muslim world and brought to Europe from Turkey by the wife of the English ambassador to Istanbul in 1724. Children in Turkey were vaccinated with cowpox to fight the deadly smallpox at least 50 years before the West discovered it.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}
{{Quote||Technika očkování nebyla vynalezena dvojicí Jenner a Pasteur, ale byla vynalezena v muslimském světě a přivedena do Evropy z Turecka manželkou anglického ambasadora v Istanbulu roku 1724. Děti v Turecku byly očkovány kravskými neštovicemi, aby bojovaly proti smrtícím neštovicím minimálně 50 let před tím, než to objevil Západ.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}


It was smallpox that was used for inoculation by the Turks, not cowpox. Inoculation was widespread at the time, and involved the use of smallpox scabs. The use of the much less dangerous cowpox virus to induce immunity is known not as inoculation, but as vaccination. It was in fact Jenner who first reported the use of cowpox to vaccinate against the much more lethal smallpox, hence he invented vaccination. And Yes, Jenner and Pasteur were not the inventors of inoculation but neither were the Muslims. What Paul seems to be continually doing is referring to anything that originated from the Eastern hemisphere (regardless of whether it was before or after the advent of Islam or not) as originating from 'the Muslim world' when even the most unenlightent amongst us will realize that China and India are not a part of this so-called Muslim world. It has been said that Inoculation against smallpox began in China during the 10<sup>th</sup> century,<ref name="The Genius of China"></ref> but the earliest documented reference to smallpox inoculation in China comes from text written in 1549.<ref>Joseph Needham, ''[http://amazon.com/dp/0521632625 Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology]'', Part 6, Medicine, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pg. 134, ISBN 9780521632621</ref> The earliest known attempts to produce artificial immunity involved powdered smallpox scabs being blown into the sinuses, and in the 17<sup>th</sup> century, they prepared pills made from the fleas of cows in an effort to prevent the disease. In India, physicians conferred immunity by applying scabs to the scarified skin of the healthy. The technique of inoculation spread west to Turkey and then Europe.<ref>Christopher S. W. Koehler Ph.D., [{{Reference archive|1=http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/mdd/v04/i10/html/10timeline.html|2=2011-02-08}} Science, “society”, and immunity], The American Chemical Society, MDD Vol. 4, No. 10, pp 59–60., October 2001</ref>
It was smallpox that was used for inoculation by the Turks, not cowpox. Inoculation was widespread at the time, and involved the use of smallpox scabs. The use of the much less dangerous cowpox virus to induce immunity is known not as inoculation, but as vaccination. It was in fact Jenner who first reported the use of cowpox to vaccinate against the much more lethal smallpox, hence he invented vaccination. And Yes, Jenner and Pasteur were not the inventors of inoculation but neither were the Muslims. What Paul seems to be continually doing is referring to anything that originated from the Eastern hemisphere (regardless of whether it was before or after the advent of Islam or not) as originating from 'the Muslim world' when even the most unenlightent amongst us will realize that China and India are not a part of this so-called Muslim world. It has been said that Inoculation against smallpox began in China during the 10<sup>th</sup> century,<ref name="The Genius of China"></ref> but the earliest documented reference to smallpox inoculation in China comes from text written in 1549.<ref>Joseph Needham, ''[http://amazon.com/dp/0521632625 Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology]'', Part 6, Medicine, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pg. 134, ISBN 9780521632621</ref> The earliest known attempts to produce artificial immunity involved powdered smallpox scabs being blown into the sinuses, and in the 17<sup>th</sup> century, they prepared pills made from the fleas of cows in an effort to prevent the disease. In India, physicians conferred immunity by applying scabs to the scarified skin of the healthy. The technique of inoculation spread west to Turkey and then Europe.<ref>Christopher S. W. Koehler Ph.D., [{{Reference archive|1=http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/mdd/v04/i10/html/10timeline.html|2=2011-02-08}} Science, “society”, and immunity], The American Chemical Society, MDD Vol. 4, No. 10, pp 59–60., October 2001</ref>
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