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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jizyah: Difference between revisions
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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jizyah (view source)
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==Scholars== | ==Scholars== | ||
=== | ===Classical Views=== | ||
{{Quote|Sufi saint Ahmad Sirhindi (1564-1624), letter No. 163|The honour of Islam lies in insulting kufr and kafirs. | {{Quote|Sufi saint Ahmad Sirhindi (1564-1624), letter No. 163|The honour of Islam lies in insulting kufr and kafirs. | ||
One who respects the kafirs dishonours the Muslims… The real purpose of levying jiziya on them is to humiliate them to such an extent that they may not be able to dress well and to live in grandeur. They should constantly remain terrified and trembling. It is intended to hold them under contempt and to uphold the honour and might of Islam.}} | One who respects the kafirs dishonours the Muslims… The real purpose of levying jiziya on them is to humiliate them to such an extent that they may not be able to dress well and to live in grandeur. They should constantly remain terrified and trembling. It is intended to hold them under contempt and to uphold the honour and might of Islam.}} | ||
{{Quote|[http://bewley.virtualave.net/Riszakat.html The Risala of 'Abdullah ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani]<BR>A Treatise on Maliki Fiqh (Including commentary from ath-Thamr ad-Dani by al-Azhari)(310/922 - 386/996)|'''25.13a. Who pays jizya''' | {{Quote|[http://bewley.virtualave.net/Riszakat.html The Risala of 'Abdullah ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani]<BR>A Treatise on Maliki Fiqh (Including commentary from ath-Thamr ad-Dani by al-Azhari)(310/922 - 386/996)|'''25.13a. Who pays jizya''' | ||
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[Ibn Rushd defines it thus: what is taken from the people of disbelief in repayment for their security and sparing their lives while they remain unbelievers. It is derived from ''jaza''' (repayment) which is exchange, because they receive security in exchange for the money they pay. We offer them security and they offer money. It is not taken from three categories: women, children and slaves because Allah Almighty has obliged it on those who can fight, and generally that is men rather than women and children.]}} | [Ibn Rushd defines it thus: what is taken from the people of disbelief in repayment for their security and sparing their lives while they remain unbelievers. It is derived from ''jaza''' (repayment) which is exchange, because they receive security in exchange for the money they pay. We offer them security and they offer money. It is not taken from three categories: women, children and slaves because Allah Almighty has obliged it on those who can fight, and generally that is men rather than women and children.]}} | ||
{{Quote|1=[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir Ibn Kathir]|2=Allah said, (until they pay the Jizyah), if they do not choose to embrace Islam, (with willing submission), in defeat and subservience, (and feel themselves subdued.), disgraced, humiliated and belittled. Therefore, Muslims are not allowed to honor the people of Dhimmah or elevate them above Muslims, for they are miserable, disgraced and humiliated. Muslim recorded from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet said, "Do not initiate the Salam to the Jews and Christians, and if you meet any of them in a road, force them to its narrowest alley." This is why the Leader of the faithful `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, demanded his well-known conditions be met by the Christians, these conditions that ensured their continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace.}} | {{Quote|1=[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir Ibn Kathir]|2=Allah said, (until they pay the Jizyah), if they do not choose to embrace Islam, (with willing submission), in defeat and subservience, (and feel themselves subdued.), disgraced, humiliated and belittled. Therefore, Muslims are not allowed to honor the people of Dhimmah or elevate them above Muslims, for they are miserable, disgraced and humiliated. Muslim recorded from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet said, "Do not initiate the Salam to the Jews and Christians, and if you meet any of them in a road, force them to its narrowest alley." This is why the Leader of the faithful `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, demanded his well-known conditions be met by the Christians, these conditions that ensured their continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace.}} | ||
{{Quote|Al-Zamakhshari (1075–1144)|('an yadin): does this refers to the hand of the giver or the receiver? It refers to the giver, i.e. from a forthcoming rather than a withholding hand. For he who refuses and withholds doesn't proffer his hand, as opposed to the reluctant obeyer. [proverb example]-not by someone deputized, but directly from the hand of the [dhimmi]. The hand of the taker means that [when he takes it] his hand is the upper, the ruler; or, because of the benefit [to the dhimmis] because receiving the jizya from them and lowering their spirits is of benefit to them. (wa-hum Saarighuuna) it is taken from them when they are in a lowered and humbled state. [The dhimmi] must approach walking, not riding; the taker is standing while the giver is sitting and trembling in awe /Iyutaltilu taltalatanl/. He is seized by his collar, and is told: "Perform the jizya," and is pushed on the nape of | {{Quote|Al-Zamakhshari (1075–1144)|('an yadin): does this refers to the hand of the giver or the receiver? It refers to the giver, i.e. from a forthcoming rather than a withholding hand. For he who refuses and withholds doesn't proffer his hand, as opposed to the reluctant obeyer. [proverb example]-not by someone deputized, but directly from the hand of the [dhimmi]. The hand of the taker means that [when he takes it] his hand is the upper, the ruler; or, because of the benefit [to the dhimmis] because receiving the jizya from them and lowering their spirits is of benefit to them. (wa-hum Saarighuuna) it is taken from them when they are in a lowered and humbled state. [The dhimmi] must approach walking, not riding; the taker is standing while the giver is sitting and trembling in awe /Iyutaltilu taltalatanl/. He is seized by his collar, and is told: "Perform the jizya," and is pushed on the nape of | ||
his neck /yuzakhkhu/.<ref>Zamakhshari, Al-Kashshaaf,ed. M. Ahmad (Cairo, 136511946), vol. 2, pp. 262. 263.</ref>}} | his neck /yuzakhkhu/.<ref>Zamakhshari, Al-Kashshaaf,ed. M. Ahmad (Cairo, 136511946), vol. 2, pp. 262. 263.</ref>}} | ||
{{Quote|Al-Baydawi (D. 1286)|...on the authority of Ibn Abbas...that the jizya is taken from the dhimmi, | {{Quote|Al-Baydawi (D. 1286)|...on the authority of Ibn Abbas...that the jizya is taken from the dhimmi, | ||
[while] his neck is being hung low.<ref>Beidawi, Anwar al-Tan-il,ed. H. 0.Fleischer (1846-1848; repr.. Osnabrueck, 1968). vol. I, p. 383, line 25.</ref>}} | [while] his neck is being hung low.<ref>Beidawi, Anwar al-Tan-il,ed. H. 0.Fleischer (1846-1848; repr.. Osnabrueck, 1968). vol. I, p. 383, line 25.</ref>}} | ||
{{Quote|Al-Ghazali (1101)|...the dhimmi is obliged not to mention Allah or His Apostle…Jews, Christians, and Majians must pay the jizya …on offering up the jizya, the dhimmi must hang his head while the official takes hold of his beard and hits [the dhimmi] on the protruberant bone beneath his ear [i.e., the mandible]...<ref>Al-Ghazali (d. 1111). Kitab al-Wagiz fi fiqh madhab al-imam al-Safi’i, Beirut, 1979, pp. 186, 190-91; 199-200; 202-203. [English translation by Dr. Michael Schub.]</ref>}} | |||
{{Quote| | ===Modern Views=== | ||
{{Quote|{{cite web quotebox|url= http://englishtafsir.com/Quran/9/index.html#sdfootnote29sym|title= Tafhim al-Qur'an (The Meaning of the Qur'an)|publisher= Kazi Publications|author= Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, A. A. Kamal (Ed.)|date= 1991|series= Surah At Taubah (footnote No. 28)|isbn=9781567441345|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fenglishtafsir.com%2FQuran%2F9%2Findex.html%23sdfootnote29sym&date=2014-03-10|deadurl=no}}|"...(Fight with them) until they pay Jizyah with their own hands and are humbled." | |||
This is the aim of Jihad with the Jews and the Christians and it is not to force them to become Muslims and adopt the `Islamic Way of Life.' They should be forced to pay Jizyah in order to put an end to their independence and supremacy so that they should not remain rulers and sovereigns in the land. These powers should be wrested from them by the followers of the true Faith, who should assume the sovereignty and lead others towards the Right Way, while they should become their subjects and pay jizyah. jizyah is paid by those non-Muslims who live as Zimmis (proteges) in an Islamic State, in exchange for the security and protection granted to them by it. This is also symbolical of the fact that they themselves agree to live in it as its subjects. This is the significance of "..... they Pay jizyah with their own hands," that is, "with full consent so that they willingly become the subjects of the Believers, who perform the duty of the vicegerents of Allah on the earth. " | |||
At first this Command applied only to the Jews and the Christians. Then the Holy Prophet himself extended it to the Zoroastrians also. After his death, his Companions unanimously applied this rule to all the non-Muslim nations outside Arabia. | |||
This is jizyah " of which the Muslims have been feeling apologetic during the last two centuries of their degeneration and there are still some people who continue to apologize for it. But the Way of Allah is straight and clear and does not stand in need of any apology to the rebels against Allah. Instead of offering apologies on behalf of Islam for the measure that guarantees security of life, property and faith to those who choose to live under its protection, the Muslims should feel proud of such a humane law as that of jizyah. For it is obvious that the maximum freedom that can be allowed to those who do not adopt the Way of Allah but choose to tread the ways of error is that they should be tolerated to lead the life they like. That is why the Islamic State offers them protection, if they agree to live as its Zimmis by paying jizyah, but it cannot allow that they should remain supreme rulers in any place and establish wrong ways and impose them on others. As this state of things inevitably produces chaos and disorder, it is the duty of the true Muslims to exert their utmost to bring to an end their wicked rule and bring them under a righteous order. | |||
As regards the question, "What do the non-Muslims get in return for Jizyah " it may suffice to say that it is the price of the freedom which the Islamic State allows them in following their erroneous ways, while living in the jurisdiction of Islam and enjoying its protection. The money thus collected is spent in maintaining the righteous administration that gives them the freedom and protects their rights. This also serves as a yearly reminder to them that they have been deprived of the honor of paying Zakat in the Way of Allah, and forced to pay jizyah instead as a price of following the ways of error. }} | |||
==Miscellaneous== | ==Miscellaneous== | ||