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===Sunni Islam=== | ===Sunni Islam=== | ||
*The Maliki school | *The Maliki school recommends FGM, but does not decree it as obligatory. | ||
*The Hanafi school decrees | *The Hanafi school decrees FGM to be optional. The Hanafi is the school of fiqh which least favours FGM and Hanafi communities generally don't practice FGM. | ||
*The Shafi'i school decree FGM to be obligatory. Infibulation, the most severe form of FGM practiced under Islam, is almost entirely attributable to followers of the Shafi'i school. | *The Shafi'i school decree FGM to be obligatory. Shafi'i countries genearlly have +90% FGM-rates. Infibulation, the most severe form of FGM practiced under Islam, is almost entirely attributable to followers of the Shafi'i school. | ||
*The Hanbali school has have two opinions concerning FGM: some scholars decree it obligatory, other as 'honourable' and therefore recommended. | *The Hanbali school has have two opinions concerning FGM: some scholars decree it obligatory, other as 'honourable' and therefore recommended. | ||
===Shia Islam=== | ===Shia Islam=== | ||
The attitudes of Shia Islam towards FGM are as not clear-cut as with the schools of Sunni Islam. The Jafari school appears to recommend FGM, while the Ismaili school ( notably the Dawoodhi Bohras) treat it as obligatory. | The attitudes of Shia Islam towards FGM are as not clear-cut as with the schools of Sunni Islam. The Jafari school appears to recommend FGM, while the Ismaili school (notably the Dawoodhi Bohras) treat it as obligatory. | ||
===Modern Fatwas=== | ===Modern Fatwas=== | ||
For a compilation of about 40 fatwas concerning FGM issued since 1939 see [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Female Genital Mutilation#Modern Fatwas]] | |||
==The History of FGM== | ==The History of FGM== | ||