Seznam originálních islámských vynálezů, inovací, rekordů a prvenství: Difference between revisions

Seznam originálních islámských vynálezů, inovací, rekordů a prvenství (view source)

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 *Nejvíce zločinů z nenávisti proti LGBT lidem mezi členy Evropské rady proběhlo v Turecku. A 84 procent turků říká, že gazové nebo lesby jsou mezi skupinami, kterou by nejvíce nechtěli ve své oblasti.<ref name="tdb">{{cite web|url= http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/07/01/turkey-s-violent-homophobia.html|title= Turkey’s Violent Homophobia|publisher= The Daily Beast|author= John Beck |date= July 1, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F07%2F01%2Fturkey-s-violent-homophobia.html&date=2014-01-07|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>For a full list of member states of the Council of Europe, see: {{cite web|url= http://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/country-profiles;jsessionid=02DD102A100CB0C82866F2AF5D23087E|title= Member states|publisher= Council of Europe|author= |date= accessed January 8, 2014|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fportal%2Fcountry-profiles%3Bjsessionid%3D02DD102A100CB0C82866F2AF5D23087E&date=2014-01-07|deadurl=no}}</ref>
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 ===Terorismus===
-*[[Sunni]] Muslims have been behind the greatest number of terrorist attacks and fatalities for three consecutive years, accounting for more than 70 percent of all terrorism-related fatalities in 2011, making Islam the world-leader in terrorism.<ref>Edwin Mora - [{{Reference archive|1=http://cnsnews.com/news/article/sunni-muslim-extremists-committed-70-terrorist-murders-2011|2=2012-08-04}} Sunni Muslim terrorists committed “about 70 percent” of the 12,533 terrorist murders in the world last year] - CNS News, August 3, 2012</ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.nctc.gov/docs/2011_NCTC_Annual_Report_Final.pdf|2=2012-08-04}} 2011 Report on Terrorism] - National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), June 2012</ref>
+*[[Sunnité|Sunnitští]] muslimové stojí za největším počtem teroristických útoků a úmrtí za tři po sobě jdoucí roky, zodpovědní za více než 70 procent všech úmrtí následkem terorismu v roce 2011, což dělá islám světovým lídrem terorismu.<ref>Edwin Mora - [{{Reference archive|1=http://cnsnews.com/news/article/sunni-muslim-extremists-committed-70-terrorist-murders-2011|2=2012-08-04}} Sunni Muslim terrorists committed “about 70 percent” of the 12,533 terrorist murders in the world last year] - CNS News, August 3, 2012</ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.nctc.gov/docs/2011_NCTC_Annual_Report_Final.pdf|2=2012-08-04}} 2011 Report on Terrorism] - National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), June 2012</ref>
-*With more than 95 percent of all suicide bombing attacks around the world being carried out by Muslims, Islam is a world-leader in producing suicide bombers.<ref>Amir Lechner - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.threatrate.com/MEDIA/THEEVERCHANGINGPROFILEOFTHESUICIDEBOMBER/tabid/83/Default.aspx|2=2012-09-16}} “Changing Tack” The Ever-Changing Profile of the Suicide Bomber] - INTERSEC Magazine, March 2007</ref>
+*S více než 95 procenty všech sebevražedných útoků po světě spáchaných muslimy, islám je světovým lídrem v produkci sebevražedných bombových útočníků.<ref>Amir Lechner - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.threatrate.com/MEDIA/THEEVERCHANGINGPROFILEOFTHESUICIDEBOMBER/tabid/83/Default.aspx|2=2012-09-16}} “Changing Tack” The Ever-Changing Profile of the Suicide Bomber] - INTERSEC Magazine, March 2007</ref>
-*8 out of the 10 most deadliest terror attacks of all time (including the top-five) were carried out by Muslim terrorists (1. 9/11 attacks 2. Mumbai terror attacks 3. Beslan siege 4. Mumbai blasts 5. Madrid train blasts 8. Pan Am flight bombing 9. Bali bombings 10. Beirut barracks bombing).<ref name="t10">{{cite web|url= http://news.in.msn.com/gallery/the-deadliest-terror-attacks-in-pictures|title= The deadliest terror attacks: In pictures|publisher= MSN|author= |date= September 27, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.in.msn.com%2Fgallery%2Fthe-deadliest-terror-attacks-in-pictures&date=2013-09-28|deadurl=no}}</ref>
+*8 z 10 nejsmrtelnějších teroristických útoků v historii (včetně prvních pěti) byly vykonány muslimskými teroristy (1. Útoky 11. září 2. teroristikcé útoky v Mumbai 3. Teroristický útok na beslanskou školu 4. Útoky v Mumbai 5. Madridský vlak 8. Let Pan Am 103 9. Bali 2002 10. Beirut 1983).<ref name="t10">{{cite web|url= http://news.in.msn.com/gallery/the-deadliest-terror-attacks-in-pictures|title= The deadliest terror attacks: In pictures|publisher= MSN|author= |date= September 27, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.in.msn.com%2Fgallery%2Fthe-deadliest-terror-attacks-in-pictures&date=2013-09-28|deadurl=no}}</ref>
-*6 of the least peaceful countries in the world are all Muslim majorities (Afghanistan, Somalia, Syria, Iraq, Sudan and Pakistan), whilst 6 of the most peaceful are all non-Muslim countries (Iceland, Denmark, New Zealand, Austria, Switzerland and Japan).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.visionofhumanity.org/pdf/gpi/2013_Global_Peace_Index_Report.pdf|title= 2013 Global Peace Index Report|publisher= Institute for Economics and Peace|author= |date= June 11, 2013|pages= 5-6|archiveurl= |deadurl=no}}</ref>
+*6 nejméně mírových zemí světa jsou s muslimskou většinou (Afghánistan, Somálsko, Sýrie, Irák, Súdán a Pákistán), zatímco 6 nejmírovějších zemí jsou všechny ne-muslimské (Island, Dánsko, Nový Zéland, Rakousko, Švýcarsko a Japonsko).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.visionofhumanity.org/pdf/gpi/2013_Global_Peace_Index_Report.pdf|title= 2013 Global Peace Index Report|publisher= Institute for Economics and Peace|author= |date= June 11, 2013|pages= 5-6|archiveurl= |deadurl=no}}</ref>
-*The top ten nations suffering from terrorist attacks are all nations facing Islamic terrorism (Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Yemen, Somalia, Nigeria, Thailand, Russia and Philippines).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2012/12/daily-chart-0|title= Fear and loathing: Terrorist attacks mapped around the world|publisher= The Economist|author= |date= December 4, 2012|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2012/12/daily-chart-0&date=2012-12-17|deadurl=no}}</ref>
+*Deset zemí nejvíce trpících teroristickými útoky jsou všechny národy čelící islámskému terorismu (Irák, Pákistán, Afgánistán, Indie, Jemen, Somálsko, Nigérie, Rusko a Filipíny).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2012/12/daily-chart-0|title= Fear and loathing: Terrorist attacks mapped around the world|publisher= The Economist|author= |date= December 4, 2012|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2012/12/daily-chart-0&date=2012-12-17|deadurl=no}}</ref>
-*The youngest suicide bomber ever used in a terrorist attack in Afghanistan was an eight-year-old Muslim girl, and the youngest suicide bomber ever intercepted was a nine-year-old Muslim boy working for the [[Taliban]]. He was told that the [[Qur’an]] was being burned by Americans, and that the bomb would only kill infidels.<ref> Lukas I. Alpert - [{{Reference archive|1= http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-06-27/news/29731852_1_taliban-militants-police-checkpoint-suicide-attack |2=2012-09-19}} Taliban terrorists force 8-year-old girl into suicide bombing at police checkpoint in Afghanistan] – NY Daily Times, June 27, 2011 </ref><ref>Ben Farmer - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/8515012/Taliban-recruiting-nine-year-old-suicide-bombers.html|2=2012-09-19}} Taliban recruiting nine-year-old suicide bombers] - The Telegraph, May 15, 2011</ref>
+*Nejmladším sebevražedným útočníkem který kdy byl použit k teroristickému útoku v Afghánistánu byla osmiletá muslimská holčička, a nejmladším sebevražedným chyceným útočníkem byl devítiletý muslim pracující pro [[Taliban]]. Bylo mu řečeno, že [[Korán]] byl pálen američany a že bomba zabije pouze nevěřící.<ref> Lukas I. Alpert - [{{Reference archive|1= http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-06-27/news/29731852_1_taliban-militants-police-checkpoint-suicide-attack |2=2012-09-19}} Taliban terrorists force 8-year-old girl into suicide bombing at police checkpoint in Afghanistan] – NY Daily Times, June 27, 2011 </ref><ref>Ben Farmer - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/8515012/Taliban-recruiting-nine-year-old-suicide-bombers.html|2=2012-09-19}} Taliban recruiting nine-year-old suicide bombers] - The Telegraph, May 15, 2011</ref>
-*The [[September 11 (Terrorist Attacks)|September 11, 2001 attacks]] were the [[United States]] and the world's most deadly terrorist attacks. The 19 Muslim aircraft hijackers belonged to the al-Qaida terrorist network. Nearly 3000 people, citizens of 78 countries, were killed.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/10288.pdf|2=2012-09-14}} September 11 The worst international terrorist attack ever] - U.S. Department of State, accessed September 14, 2012</ref>
+*[[Útoky 11. září]] byly ve [[Spojené Státy|Spojených Státech]] a ve světě nejsmrtelnějšími teroristickými útoky. 19 muslimů s unešenými letadly patřilo k al-Kaidě. Téměř 3000 lidí, občané 78 zemí, byli zabiti.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/10288.pdf|2=2012-09-14}} September 11 The worst international terrorist attack ever] - U.S. Department of State, accessed September 14, 2012</ref>
-*The 2004 Manila ferry bombing by the [[Rajah Sulaiman Movement]] was the [[Philippines]]' most deadly terrorist attack and the world's most deadly terrorist attack at sea, killing 116 people.<ref>Matthew Harwood - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.securitymanagement.com/news/piracy-and-terrorism-high-seas-says-study|2=2012-09-15}} Piracy and Terrorism Up on the High Seas, Says Study] - Security Management, June 6, 2008</ref><ref> Matthew Thompson - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/the-other-war-against-terror--at-8-a-day/2005/07/20/1121539010660.html|2=2012-09-15}} The other war against terror ... at $8 a day] - Sydney Morning Herald, July 20, 2005 </ref>
+*"2004 Manila ferry bombing" od [[Rajah Sulaiman Movement]] byl [[Filipíny|filipínský]] nejsmrtelnější teroristický útok a světově nejsmrtelnější teroristický útok u moře, zabil 116 lidí.<ref>Matthew Harwood - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.securitymanagement.com/news/piracy-and-terrorism-high-seas-says-study|2=2012-09-15}} Piracy and Terrorism Up on the High Seas, Says Study] - Security Management, June 6, 2008</ref><ref> Matthew Thompson - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/the-other-war-against-terror--at-8-a-day/2005/07/20/1121539010660.html|2=2012-09-15}} The other war against terror ... at $8 a day] - Sydney Morning Herald, July 20, 2005 </ref>
-*The 2002 Bali bombings by members of Jemaah Islamiyah was [[Indonesia]]'s most deadly terrorist attack, killing 202 people (including 88 [[Australia|Australians]], and 38 Indonesian citizens), and injuring 240 others.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2778923.stm|2=2012-09-17}} Bali death toll set at 202] - BBC News, February 19, 2003</ref>
+*"2002 Bali bombings" členy Jemaah Islamiyah byly v [[Indonésie|Indonésii]] nejsmrtelnější teroristické útoky, zabily 202 lidí (včetně 88 [[Austrálie|australanů]], a 38 indonésských občanů), a zranily 240 dalších.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2778923.stm|2=2012-09-17}} Bali death toll set at 202] - BBC News, February 19, 2003</ref>
-*The 2004 Beslan school siege by a group of armed Islamic separatist militants in Russia was the world's most deadly terrorist attack committed against [[children]], killing 337 in total (156 were children).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A463-2004Sep6.html|title= Under a 'Crying' Sky, Beslan's Dead Are Laid to Rest|publisher= The Washington Post|author= Peter Finn & Susan B. Glasser|date= September 7, 2004|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA463-2004Sep6.html&date=2013-10-05|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="jachildren">{{cite web|url= http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/terrorism/wrjp39ch.html|title= Terrorist and criminal attacks targeting children|publisher= JohnstonsArchive.net|author= |date= April 20, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnstonsarchive.net%2Fterrorism%2Fwrjp39ch.html&date=2013-10-05|deadurl=no}}</ref> It was also Russia's most deadliest terrorist attack.<ref name="t10"></ref>
+*"Teroristický útok na beslanskou školu " z roku 2004 skupinou islámských militantních separatistů v Rusku byl ve světě nejvíce smrtícím teroristickým útokem na [[děti]], zabito 337 celkem (156 z toho byly děti).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A463-2004Sep6.html|title= Under a 'Crying' Sky, Beslan's Dead Are Laid to Rest|publisher= The Washington Post|author= Peter Finn & Susan B. Glasser|date= September 7, 2004|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA463-2004Sep6.html&date=2013-10-05|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="jachildren">{{cite web|url= http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/terrorism/wrjp39ch.html|title= Terrorist and criminal attacks targeting children|publisher= JohnstonsArchive.net|author= |date= April 20, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnstonsarchive.net%2Fterrorism%2Fwrjp39ch.html&date=2013-10-05|deadurl=no}}</ref> Bylo také nejvíce smrtící teroristický útok v Rusku.<ref name="t10"></ref>
-*The 2007 suicide bombing at a public ceremony in Baghlani-jadid, Afghanistan, was the world's second most deadly terrorist attack committed against children, killing 77 in total (61 were children).<ref name="jachildren">{{cite web|url= http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/terrorism/wrjp39ch.html|title= Terrorist and criminal attacks targeting children|publisher= JohnstonsArchive.net|author= |date= April 20, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnstonsarchive.net%2Fterrorism%2Fwrjp39ch.html&date=2013-10-05|deadurl=no}}</ref>
+*2007 bombové útoky na veřejné slavnosti v Baghlani-jadid, Afghánistán, byly druhým nejvíce smrtícím útokem spáchaným proti dětem, zabito 77 lidí celkem (61 dětí).<ref name="jachildren">{{cite web|url= http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/terrorism/wrjp39ch.html|title= Terrorist and criminal attacks targeting children|publisher= JohnstonsArchive.net|author= |date= April 20, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnstonsarchive.net%2Fterrorism%2Fwrjp39ch.html&date=2013-10-05|deadurl=no}}</ref>
-*There were 5 times more suicide attacks by Iraqi groups in 2005 (where more than 400 attacks killed more than 2,000 people) than in the entire 30-year history of the secular Tamil Tigers (77 attacks in total from 1976 to 2006).<ref>Scott Atran, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf|2=2012-12-30}} "The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism"], The Washington Quarterly, 2006, 29, 127-147</ref>
+*Bylo 5 krát víc sebevražedných útoků iríčany v roce 2005 (kde více než 400 zabilo více než 2,000 lidí) než v celé 30 leté historii Tamil Tigers (77 útoků celkem od 1976 do 2006).<ref>Scott Atran, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf|2=2012-12-30}} "The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism"], The Washington Quarterly, 2006, 29, 127-147</ref>
 ===Ženy===