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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammad: Difference between revisions
Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammad (view source)
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{{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}} | {{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}} | ||
In Islam [[Muhammad]] is known as '''[[Uswa Hasana|uswa hasana]], al-Insān al-Kāmil''', meaning in Arabic that he is the ''' 'perfect human' ''' who is ''' 'worthy of imitation' '''. As such, all of his deeds, actions, thoughts, and practices are the perfect examplars for all humans in every time in every age. For this reason, his [[Sunnah]] or traditions is one of the basic building blocks of [[Islamic Law]] (the other being the [[Qur'an]]). This tradition is preserved mostly in the [[Hadith]] collections of Muhaddiths such as [[Sahih Bukhari|Bukhari]], who wrote his books in the middle of the 9th century, and the collectors of the [[Sira]] histories of the prophet's military campaigns such as [[Sirat_Rasul_Allah|Ibn Ishaq]]. These sources impart to their readers many ideas, attributes, and habits of the prophet, all of which are held up by the ulemaa' as model behavior for all of mankind. | In Islam [[Muhammad]] is known as '''[[Uswa Hasana|uswa hasana]], al-Insān al-Kāmil''', meaning in Arabic that he is the ''' 'perfect human' ''' who is ''' 'worthy of imitation' '''. As such, all of his deeds, actions, thoughts, and practices are the perfect examplars for all humans in every time in every age. For this reason, his [[Sunnah]] or traditions is one of the basic building blocks of [[Islamic Law]] (the other being the [[Qur'an]]). This tradition is preserved mostly in the [[Hadith]] collections of Muhaddiths such as [[Sahih Bukhari|Bukhari]], who wrote his books in the middle of the 9th century, and the collectors of the [[Sira]] histories of the prophet's military campaigns such as [[Sirat_Rasul_Allah|Ibn Ishaq]]. These sources impart to their readers many ideas, attributes, and habits of the prophet, all of which are held up by the ulemaa' as model behavior for all of mankind. | ||
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{{Quote|{{Quran|48|29}}|Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah; and those with him are forceful against the disbelievers, merciful among themselves. You see them bowing and prostrating [in prayer], seeking bounty from Allah and [His] pleasure. Their mark is on their faces from the trace of prostration. That is their description in the Torah. And their description in the Gospel is as a plant which produces its offshoots and strengthens them so they grow firm and stand upon their stalks, delighting the sowers - so that Allah may enrage by them the disbelievers. Allah has promised those who believe and do righteous deeds among them forgiveness and a great reward.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|48|29}}|Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah; and those with him are forceful against the disbelievers, merciful among themselves. You see them bowing and prostrating [in prayer], seeking bounty from Allah and [His] pleasure. Their mark is on their faces from the trace of prostration. That is their description in the Torah. And their description in the Gospel is as a plant which produces its offshoots and strengthens them so they grow firm and stand upon their stalks, delighting the sowers - so that Allah may enrage by them the disbelievers. Allah has promised those who believe and do righteous deeds among them forgiveness and a great reward.}} | ||
==An example to follow== | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran|33|21}}|Verily in the messenger of Allah ye have a good example for him who looketh unto Allah and the Last Day, and remembereth Allah much.}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran|68|4}}|And indeed, you are of a great moral character.}} | |||
==Obedience to the Prophet== | ==Obedience to the Prophet== | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|3|31|32}}|Say, [O Muhammad], "If you should love Allah, then follow me, [so] Allah will love you and forgive you your sins. And Allah is Forgiving and Merciful." Say, "Obey Allah and the Messenger." But if they turn away - then indeed, Allah does not like the disbelievers}} | {{Quote|{{Quran-range|3|31|32}}|Say, [O Muhammad], "If you should love Allah, then follow me, [so] Allah will love you and forgive you your sins. And Allah is Forgiving and Merciful." Say, "Obey Allah and the Messenger." But if they turn away - then indeed, Allah does not like the disbelievers}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran| | {{Quote|{{Quran|4|80}}|He who obeys the Messenger has obeyed Allah; but those who turn away - We have not sent you over them as a guardian.}} | ||
Many other verses implore listeners to obey Allah and his Messenger, which suggests this was an ongoing problem. | |||
==Allegations Against Muhammad== | ==Allegations Against Muhammad== | ||
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{{Main|Convenient Revelations}} | {{Main|Convenient Revelations}} | ||
A significant number of Quranic verses were of a distinctly personal benefit to the prophet. An example concerns Muhammad's | A significant number of Quranic verses were of a distinctly personal benefit to the prophet. An example concerns Muhammad's exemption on the limitation of four wives for believing men set out in {{Quran|4|3}}. | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|33|50}}|"O Prophet (Muhammad)! Verily, We have made lawful to you your wives, to whom you have paid their Mahr (bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage), and those (captives or slaves) whom your right hand possesses -- whom God has given to you, and the daughters of your 'Amm (paternal uncles) and the daughters of your 'Ammah (paternal aunts) and the daughters of your Khâl (maternal uncles) and the daughters of your Khâlah (maternal aunts) who migrated (from Makkah) with you, and a believing woman if she offers herself to the Prophet, and the Prophet wishes to marry her; '''a privilege for you only, not for the (rest of) the believers'''."}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|33|50}}|"O Prophet (Muhammad)! Verily, We have made lawful to you your wives, to whom you have paid their Mahr (bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage), and those (captives or slaves) whom your right hand possesses -- whom God has given to you, and the daughters of your 'Amm (paternal uncles) and the daughters of your 'Ammah (paternal aunts) and the daughters of your Khâl (maternal uncles) and the daughters of your Khâlah (maternal aunts) who migrated (from Makkah) with you, and a believing woman if she offers herself to the Prophet, and the Prophet wishes to marry her; '''a privilege for you only, not for the (rest of) the believers'''."}} | ||
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==Good Character and Piety== | ==Good Character and Piety== | ||
===Mercy and Good Manners=== | ===Mercy and Good Manners=== | ||
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forgiving Others|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars: | {{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Forgiving Others|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Good Manners (Adab)}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||4|25|2016}}|Abu Abdullah Al-Jadali narrated: | {{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||4|25|2016}}|Abu Abdullah Al-Jadali narrated: | ||
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===Calmness, Pleasantness, Welcoming his Daughter=== | ===Calmness, Pleasantness, Welcoming his Daughter=== | ||
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud||5198|Hasan}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: | |||
I never saw anyone more like the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) in respect of gravity, calm deportment, pleasant disposition - according to al-Hasan's version: in respect of talk and speech. Al-Hasan did not mention gravity, calm deportment, pleasant disposition - than Fatimah, may Allah honour her face. When she came to visit him (the Prophet) he got up to (welcome) her, took her by the hand, kissed her and made her sit where he was sitting; and when he went to visit her, she got up to (welcome) him, took him by the hand, kissed him, and made him sit where she was sitting.}} | I never saw anyone more like the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) in respect of gravity, calm deportment, pleasant disposition - according to al-Hasan's version: in respect of talk and speech. Al-Hasan did not mention gravity, calm deportment, pleasant disposition - than Fatimah, may Allah honour her face. When she came to visit him (the Prophet) he got up to (welcome) her, took her by the hand, kissed her and made her sit where he was sitting; and when he went to visit her, she got up to (welcome) him, took him by the hand, kissed him, and made him sit where she was sitting.}} | ||
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==Political Skill== | ==Political Skill== | ||
===Forming Alliances=== | ===Forming Alliances=== | ||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari| | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|||3344|darussalam}}|[...] So the Quraish and the Ansar became angry and said, "He (i.e. the Prophet, ) gives the chief of Najd and does not give us." The Prophet said, "I give them so as to attract their hearts (to Islam). [...]}} | ||
===Peace Making=== | ===Peace Making=== | ||
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|49|858}}| Narrated Sahl bin Sa`d: | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|49|858}}| Narrated Sahl bin Sa`d: | ||
Once the people of Quba fought with each other till they threw stones on each other. When Allah's Apostle was informed about it, he said, "Let us go to bring about a reconciliation between them." | Once the people of Quba fought with each other till they threw stones on each other. When Allah's Apostle was informed about it, he said, "Let us go to bring about a reconciliation between them."}} | ||
Controversial among some of the believers at the time, the treaty of | Controversial among some of the believers at the time, the treaty of Hudaybiyyah was an important moment in early Islamic history. | ||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|49|862}}| Narrated Al-Bara bin `Azib: | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|49|862}}| Narrated Al-Bara bin `Azib: | ||
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===Prophecising about Fighting Jews=== | ===Prophecising about Fighting Jews=== | ||
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:People of the Book}} | {{Main|Antisemitism in Islam|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:People of the Book}} | ||
Technically, Arabs, Ethiopians, and Assyrians can be described as Semitic people, however in the context of "Anti-Semitism" it is commonly understood to refer to people who identify as Jewish.<ref>"''Noun • (n) anti-Semitism, antisemitism (the intense dislike for and prejudice against Jewish people)''" - [http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=antisemitism Definition - Antisemitism], Princeton University's WordNet</ref><ref>"''Function: noun hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group''" - [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anti-Semitism Definition - Anti-Semitism], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</ref> | Technically, Arabs, Ethiopians, and Assyrians can be described as Semitic people, however in the context of "Anti-Semitism" it is commonly understood to refer to people who identify as Jewish.<ref>"''Noun • (n) anti-Semitism, antisemitism (the intense dislike for and prejudice against Jewish people)''" - [http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=antisemitism Definition - Antisemitism], Princeton University's WordNet</ref><ref>"''Function: noun hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group''" - [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anti-Semitism Definition - Anti-Semitism], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</ref> | ||
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{{quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|157}}| Narrated Al-Miswar bin Makhrama:<BR> | {{quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|157}}| Narrated Al-Miswar bin Makhrama:<BR> | ||
I heard Allah's Apostle who was on the pulpit, saying, "Banu Hisham bin Al-Mughira have requested me to allow them to marry their daughter to Ali bin Abu Talib, '''but I don't give permission''', and will not give permission unless 'Ali bin Abi Talib divorces my daughter in order to marry their daughter, '''because Fatima is a part of my body, and I hate what she hates to see, and what hurts her, hurts me.'''"}}{{quote|{{Ibn Majah||1|1|325}}|It was narrated that Jabir said: | I heard Allah's Apostle who was on the pulpit, saying, "Banu Hisham bin Al-Mughira have requested me to allow them to marry their daughter to Ali bin Abu Talib, '''but I don't give permission''', and will not give permission unless 'Ali bin Abi Talib divorces my daughter in order to marry their daughter, '''because Fatima is a part of my body, and I hate what she hates to see, and what hurts her, hurts me.'''"}} | ||
===Urinating while Facing the Qiblah=== | |||
{{quote|{{Ibn Majah||1|1|325}}|It was narrated that Jabir said: | |||
"The Messenger of Allah forbade facing the Qiblah when urinating. But I saw him, one year before he died, facing the Qiblah (while urinating)."}} | "The Messenger of Allah forbade facing the Qiblah when urinating. But I saw him, one year before he died, facing the Qiblah (while urinating)."}} | ||
===Iconoclasm=== | ===Iconoclasm=== | ||
{{Quote| | {{Quote|{{Abu Dawud||4151|darussalam}}|Narrated 'Aisha: The Messenger of Allah never left in his house anything containing the figure of a cross without destroying it.}} | ||
{{Quote| | {{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi|2|8|1049}}|Abu Wa'il narrated: "Ali said to Abu Al-Hayyaj Al-Asadi: 'I am dispatching you with what the Prophet dispatched me: "That you not leave an elevated grave without leveling it, nor an image without erasing it."}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|43|658}}|Narrated 'Abdullah bin Masud: The Prophet entered Mecca and (at that time) there were three hundred-and-sixty idols around the Ka'ba. He started stabbing the idols with a stick he had in his hand and reciting: "Truth (Islam) has come and Falsehood (disbelief) has vanished." }} | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|43|658}}|Narrated 'Abdullah bin Masud: The Prophet entered Mecca and (at that time) there were three hundred-and-sixty idols around the Ka'ba. He started stabbing the idols with a stick he had in his hand and reciting: "Truth (Islam) has come and Falsehood (disbelief) has vanished." }} | ||
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The following hadith is used to support the ruling that heads of statues must be destroyed even if they are not idols: | The following hadith is used to support the ruling that heads of statues must be destroyed even if they are not idols: | ||
{{Quote| | {{Quote|{{Abu Dawud||4158|darussalam}}|Narrated Abu Hurayrah: The Messenger of Allah said: Gabriel came to me and said: I came to you last night and was prevented from entering simply because there were images at the door, for there was a decorated curtain with images on it in the house, and there was a dog in the house. So '''order the head of the image which is in the house to be cut off''' so that it resembles the form of a tree; order the curtain to be cut up and made into two cushions spread out on which people may tread; and order the dog to be turned out. The Messenger of Allah then did so. The dog belonged to al-Hasan or al-Husayn and was under their couch. So he ordered it to be turned out. Abu Dawud said: Al-Nadd means a thing on which clothes are placed like a couch.}} | ||
===Equal Retaliation for Murder only of Believers=== | ===Equal Retaliation for Murder only of Believers=== | ||
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{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|5|268|}}|Narrated Qatada: Anas bin Malik said, "The Prophet used to visit all his wives in a round, during the day and night '''and they were eleven in number.'''" I asked Anas, "Had the Prophet the strength for it?" Anas replied, "We used to say that the Prophet was given the strength of thirty (men)." And Sa'id said on the authority of Qatada that Anas had told him about nine wives only (not eleven).}} | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|5|268|}}|Narrated Qatada: Anas bin Malik said, "The Prophet used to visit all his wives in a round, during the day and night '''and they were eleven in number.'''" I asked Anas, "Had the Prophet the strength for it?" Anas replied, "We used to say that the Prophet was given the strength of thirty (men)." And Sa'id said on the authority of Qatada that Anas had told him about nine wives only (not eleven).}} | ||
===The Prophet's Revelations and His Own Benefit=== | ===The Prophet's Revelations and His Own Benefit=== | ||
{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammad the | {{Main|Convenient Revelations|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:What is Allowed to Muhammad and Not to the Ummah}} | ||
Muhammad [through convenient “revelations” from Allah] gave himself rights and immunities that no other Muslim ever received. | Muhammad [through convenient “revelations” from Allah] gave himself rights and immunities that no other Muslim ever received. | ||
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Into drinks: | Into drinks: | ||
{{Quote|{{Muslim|31|6091}}|Abu Musa reported: I was in the company of Allah's Apostle (ﷺ) as he had been sitting in Ji'rana (a place) between Mecca and Medina and Bilal was also there, that there came to Allah's Apostle (ﷺ) a desert Arab, and he said: Muhammad, fulfill your promise that you made with me. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said to him: Accept glad tidings. Thereupon the desert Arab said: You shower glad tidings upon me very much; then Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) turned towards Abu Musa and Bilal seemingly in a state of annoyance and said: Verily he has rejected glad tidings but you two should accept them. We said: Allah's Messenger, we have readily accepted them. Then '''Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) called for a cup of water and washed his hands in that and face too and put the saliva in it and then said: Drink out of it and pour it over your faces and over your chest and gladden yourselves.''' They took hold of the cup and did as Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) had commanded them to do. Thereupon Umm Salama called from behind the veil: Spare some water in your vessel for your mother also, and they also gave some water which had been spared for her.}} | {{Quote|{{Muslim|31|6091}}|Abu Musa reported: I was in the company of Allah's Apostle (ﷺ) as he had been sitting in Ji'rana (a place) between Mecca and Medina and Bilal was also there, that there came to Allah's Apostle (ﷺ) a desert Arab, and he said: Muhammad, fulfill your promise that you made with me. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said to him: Accept glad tidings. Thereupon the desert Arab said: You shower glad tidings upon me very much; then Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) turned towards Abu Musa and Bilal seemingly in a state of annoyance and said: Verily he has rejected glad tidings but you two should accept them. We said: Allah's Messenger, we have readily accepted them. Then '''Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) called for a cup of water and washed his hands in that and face too and put the saliva in it and then said: Drink out of it and pour it over your faces and over your chest and gladden yourselves.''' They took hold of the cup and did as Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) had commanded them to do. Thereupon Umm Salama called from behind the veil: Spare some water in your vessel for your mother also, and they also gave some water which had been spared for her.}} | ||
Into food: | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|59|428}}|Narrated Jabir bin `Abdullah: | |||
When the Trench was dug, I saw the Prophet (ﷺ) in the state of severe hunger. So I returned to my wife and said, "Have you got anything (to eat), for I have seen Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) in a state of severe hunger." She brought out for me, a bag containing one Sa of barley, and we had a domestic she animal (i.e. a kid) which I slaughtered then, and my wife ground the barley and she finished at the time I finished my job (i.e. slaughtering the kid). Then I cut the meat into pieces and put it in an earthenware (cooking) pot, and returned to Allah's Messenger (ﷺ). My wife said, "Do not disgrace me in front of Allah's Apostle and those who are with him." So I went to him and said to him secretly, "O Allah's Messenger (ﷺ)! I have slaughtered a she-animal (i.e. kid) of ours, and we have ground a Sa of barley which was with us. So please come, you and another person along with you." The Prophet (ﷺ) raised his voice and said, "O people of Trench ! Jabir has prepared a meal so let us go." Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said to me, "Don't put down your earthenware meat pot (from the fireplace) or bake your dough till I come." So I came (to my house) and Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) too, came, proceeding before the people. When I came to my wife, she said, "May Allah do so-and-so to you." I said, "I have told the Prophet (ﷺ) of what you said." '''Then she brought out to him (i.e. the Prophet (ﷺ) the dough, and he spat in it and invoked for Allah's Blessings in it. Then he proceeded towards our earthenware meat-pot and spat in it and invoked for Allah's Blessings in it. '''Then he said (to my wife). Call a lady-baker to bake along with you and keep on taking out scoops from your earthenware meat-pot, and do not put it down from its fireplace." '''They were onethousand (who took their meals), and by Allah they all ate''', and when they left the food and went away, our earthenware pot was still bubbling (full of meat) as if it had not decreased, and our dough was still being baked as if nothing had been taken from it.}} | |||
On child's face: | On child's face: | ||
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Into eyes: | Into eyes: | ||
{{Quote|{{Muslim|31|5918}}|Sahl b. Sa'd reported that Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said on the Day of Khaibar: I would certainly give this standard to a person at whose hand Allah would grant victory and who loves Allah and His Messenger and Allah and His Messenger love him also. The people spent the night thinking as to whom it would be given. When it was morning the people hastened to Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) all of them hoping that that would be given to him. He (the Holy Prophet) said: Where is 'Ali b. Abu Talib? They said: Allah's Messenger, his eyes are sore. He then sent for him and he was brought and '''Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) applied saliva to his eyes and invoked blessings and he was all right''', as if he had no ailment at all, and conferred upon him the standard. 'Ali said: Allah's Messenger, I will fight them until they are like us. Thereupon he (the Holy Prophet) said: Advance cautiously until you reach their open places, thereafter invite them to Islam and inform them what is obligatory for them from the rights of Allah, for, by Allah, if Allah guides aright even one person through you that is better for you than to possess the most valuable of the camels.}} | {{Quote|{{Muslim|31|5918}}|Sahl b. Sa'd reported that Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said on the Day of Khaibar: I would certainly give this standard to a person at whose hand Allah would grant victory and who loves Allah and His Messenger and Allah and His Messenger love him also. The people spent the night thinking as to whom it would be given. When it was morning the people hastened to Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) all of them hoping that that would be given to him. He (the Holy Prophet) said: Where is 'Ali b. Abu Talib? They said: Allah's Messenger, his eyes are sore. He then sent for him and he was brought and '''Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) applied saliva to his eyes and invoked blessings and he was all right''', as if he had no ailment at all, and conferred upon him the standard. 'Ali said: Allah's Messenger, I will fight them until they are like us. Thereupon he (the Holy Prophet) said: Advance cautiously until you reach their open places, thereafter invite them to Islam and inform them what is obligatory for them from the rights of Allah, for, by Allah, if Allah guides aright even one person through you that is better for you than to possess the most valuable of the camels.}}Under his foot at the mosque: | ||
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|2|483}}|Abu al-‘Ala’ reported on the authority of his father: | |||
I came to the Messenger of Allah(ﷺ) who was saying prayer. He spat beneath his left foot.}}In his clothes: | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|4|242}}|Narrated Anas: | |||
The Prophet (ﷺ) once spat in his clothes.}} | |||
In someone else's bucket: | |||
{{Quote|{{Ibn Majah||1|1|660}}|It was narrated from Zuhri that: | |||
Mahmud bin Rabi' remembered that the Prophet spat into a bucket from a well that belonged to them.}} | |||
===Despair=== | ===Despair=== | ||