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Hadith: Difference between revisions
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{{QualityScore|Lead=3|Structure=3|Content=2|Language=2|References=2}}'''Hadith''' (الحديث; pl. ''ahadith'') literally translates to mean "talk", but is most commonly used as an Islamic term that refers to the orally-transmitted accounts of Muhammad's life, wherein Muhammad does, says, or tacitly (that is, silently) approves of something. The hadiths, passed down orally before being written down, for the most part, some 150-200 years after [[Muhammad's Death|Muhammad's death]], are second in their religious authority only to the [[Qur'an]] and, since the collections of hadith are far, far vaster (and more detailed) than the (at times vague) Qur'an, they form the basis for the great majority of [[Islamic law]] and the [[Sunnah]]. Indeed, even the details regarding the [[Five Pillars of Islam]] are found only in the hadith (the Qur'an, focused more on matters of belief, simply mentions these rituals every once in a while without providing anything in the way of clear details). | {{QualityScore|Lead=3|Structure=3|Content=2|Language=2|References=2}}'''Hadith''' (الحديث; pl. ''ahadith'') literally translates to mean "talk", but is most commonly used as an Islamic term that refers to the orally-transmitted accounts of Muhammad's life, wherein Muhammad does, says, or tacitly (that is, silently) approves of something. The hadiths, passed down orally before being written down, for the most part, some 150-200 years after [[Muhammad's Death|Muhammad's death]], are second in their religious authority only to the [[Qur'an]] and, since the collections of hadith are far, far vaster (and more detailed) than the (at times vague) Qur'an, they form the basis for the great majority of [[Islamic law]] and the [[Sunnah]]. Indeed, even the details regarding the [[Five Pillars of Islam]] are found only in the hadith (the Qur'an, focused more on matters of belief, simply mentions these rituals every once in a while without providing anything in the way of clear details). | ||
More broadly, the word "Hadith" refers to the statements and actions of Muhammad as well as his [[companions]]. In the Shi'ite tradition, the term "Hadith" extends to include the statements and actions of the ''ahl al-bayt'' (Muhammad's descendants through Fatima, as well as the twelve Imams). | More broadly, the word "Hadith" refers to the statements and actions of Muhammad as well as his [[companions]]. In the Shi'ite tradition, the term "Hadith" extends to include the statements and actions of the ''ahl al-bayt'' (Muhammad's descendants through Fatima, as well as the twelve Imams). [[Criticism of the Hadith]] | ||
==Religious and sectarian perspectives== | ==Religious and sectarian perspectives== | ||
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===Ignác Goldziher (d. 1921)=== | ===Ignác Goldziher (d. 1921)=== | ||
Ignác Goldziher, considered one of the "founder[s] of modern Islamic studies in Europe", wrote the following: | Ignác Goldziher, considered one of the "founder[s] of modern Islamic studies in Europe", wrote the following: | ||
{{Quote|{{citation|author=Ignác Goldziher|year=1971|publisher=Allen and Unwin|volume=II|page=148|ISBN=|editor1=C.R. Barber|editor2=S.M. Stern|ISBN=9780042900094|title=Muslim Studies}}|It is not at all rare in the literature of traditions that sayings are ascribed to the Prophet which for a long time circulated in Islam under the authority of another name. So-called ''ahadith mawqufa'', i.e. sayings traced back to companions or even successors, were very easily transformed into ''ahadith marfu'a'', i.e. sayings traced back to the Prophet, by simply adding without much scruple a few names at random which were necessary to complete the chain.}} | {{Quote|{{citation|author=Ignác Goldziher|year=1971 (originally published 1890)|publisher=Allen and Unwin|volume=II|page=148|ISBN=|editor1=C.R. Barber|editor2=S.M. Stern|ISBN=9780042900094|title=Muslim Studies}}|It is not at all rare in the literature of traditions that sayings are ascribed to the Prophet which for a long time circulated in Islam under the authority of another name. So-called ''ahadith mawqufa'', i.e. sayings traced back to companions or even successors, were very easily transformed into ''ahadith marfu'a'', i.e. sayings traced back to the Prophet, by simply adding without much scruple a few names at random which were necessary to complete the chain.}} | ||
===Joseph Schacht (d. 1969)=== | ===Joseph Schacht (d. 1969)=== | ||
Joseph Schacht, the leading scholar on the history of Islamic law during his time, wrote the following: | Joseph Schacht, the leading scholar on the history of Islamic law during his time, wrote the following: | ||
{{Quote|{{citation|author=Joseph Schacht|year=1979|page=3|publisher=Oxford University Press|ISBN=9780198253570|title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence}}|We shall have to conclude that, generally and broadly speaking, traditions from Companions and Successors are earlier than those from the Prophet.}}{{Quote|{{citation|author=Joseph Schacht|year=1979|page=149|publisher=Oxford University Press|ISBN=9780198253570|title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence}}|We shall not met any legal tradition from the prophet which can positively be considered authentic.}}{{Quote|{{citation|author=Joseph Schacht|year=1979|page=165|publisher=Oxford University Press|ISBN=9780198253570|title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence}}|[T]he backwards growth of the ''isnads'' in particular is identical with the projection of doctrines back to higher authorities. Generally speaking, we can say that the most perfect and complete ''isnads'' are the latest.}} | {{Quote|{{citation|author=Joseph Schacht|year=1979 (originally published 1950)|page=3|publisher=Oxford University Press|ISBN=9780198253570|title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence}}|We shall have to conclude that, generally and broadly speaking, traditions from Companions and Successors are earlier than those from the Prophet.}}{{Quote|{{citation|author=Joseph Schacht|year=1979 (originally published 1950)|page=149|publisher=Oxford University Press|ISBN=9780198253570|title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence}}|We shall not met any legal tradition from the prophet which can positively be considered authentic.}}{{Quote|{{citation|author=Joseph Schacht|year=1979 (originally published 1950)|page=165|publisher=Oxford University Press|ISBN=9780198253570|title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence}}|[T]he backwards growth of the ''isnads'' in particular is identical with the projection of doctrines back to higher authorities. Generally speaking, we can say that the most perfect and complete ''isnads'' are the latest.}} | ||
===G.H.A. Juynboll (d. 2010)=== | ===G.H.A. Juynboll (d. 2010)=== | ||