Cousin Marriage in Islamic Law: Difference between revisions

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 The British geneticist, Professor Steve Jones, giving The John Maddox Lecture at the 2011 Hay Festival had stated in relation to inbreeding in the Islamic world, "It is common in the Islamic world to marry your brother’s daughter, which is actually [genetically] closer than marrying your cousin."<ref>Jonathan Wynne-Jones - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/8544359/Hay-Festival-2011-Professor-risks-political-storm-over-Muslim-inbreeding.html|2=2011-05-31}} Hay Festival 2011: Professor risks political storm over Muslim 'inbreeding’] - The Telegraph, May 29, 2011</ref>
-=== Pakistan ===
+===Pakistan===
 Cousin marriage has been common in Pakistan for generations. According to professor Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen from South Danish University, the current rate is about 70%.<ref>[http://fpn.dk/liv/krop_valvare/article1616165.ece Flere dødfødsler blandt indvandrere (Danish language)] - fpn.dk,February 27, 2009</ref>
-==== Pakistani emigrants ====
+====Pakistani emigrants====
-A BBC report on Pakistanis in the United Kingdom finds that 55% of them marry a first cousin. Given the high rate of such marriages, many children come from repeat generations of first-cousin marriages. The report states that these children are 13 times more likely than the general population to produce children with genetic disorders, and one in ten children of first-cousin marriages in Birmingham either dies in infancy or develops a serious disability.<ref>Justin Rowlatt - [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/4442010.stm The risks of cousin marriage] – BBC News, November 15, 2005</ref>
+A BBC report on Pakistanis in the United Kingdom finds that 55% of them marry a first cousin. Many of the children of such consanguine marriages themselves marry cousins. The report states that these children born from repeated generations of first-cousin marriages are 13 times more likely than the general population to suffer from genetic disorders. Nearly one in ten of the children born of these marriages in Birmingham either dies in infancy or develops a serious disability. The BBC report also states that Pakistani-Britons, who account for some 3% of all births in the UK, produce "just under a third" of all British children with genetic illnesses.<ref>Justin Rowlatt - [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/4442010.stm The risks of cousin marriage] – BBC News, November 15, 2005</ref>
-The BBC also states that Pakistani-Britons, who account for some 3% of all births in the UK, produce "just under a third" of all British children with genetic illnesses. Published studies show that mean perinatal mortality in the Pakistani community of 15.7 per thousand significantly exceeds that in the indigenous population and all other ethnic groups in Britain. Congenital anomalies account for 41 percent of all British Pakistani infant deaths.<ref>Alan H. Bittles - [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2137601 The Role and Significance of Consanguinity as a Demographic Variable] - JSTOR</ref><ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2007-06/15/content_895516.htm Polygamist community faces genetic disorder] – China Daily, June 15, 2007</ref><ref>John Dougherty - [http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2005-12-29/news/forbidden-fruit/1 Forbidden Fruit] – Phoenix New Times, December 29,  2005</ref><ref>A. H. Bittles and M. L. Black - [http://www.pnas.org/content/107/suppl.1/1779.full Consanguinity, human evolution, and complex diseases] – PNAS, June 25, 2009</ref>
+Multiple scientific studies show that the mean (average) perinatal mortality in the Pakistani community of 15.7 per thousand significantly exceeds that of the indigenous population and all other ethnic groups in Britain. Congenital anomalies also account for 41 percent of all British Pakistani infant deaths.<ref>Alan H. Bittles - [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2137601 The Role and Significance of Consanguinity as a Demographic Variable] - JSTOR</ref><ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2007-06/15/content_895516.htm Polygamist community faces genetic disorder] – China Daily, June 15, 2007</ref><ref>John Dougherty - [http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2005-12-29/news/forbidden-fruit/1 Forbidden Fruit] – Phoenix New Times, December 29,  2005</ref><ref>A. H. Bittles and M. L. Black - [http://www.pnas.org/content/107/suppl.1/1779.full Consanguinity, human evolution, and complex diseases] – PNAS, June 25, 2009</ref>
-=== Turkey ===
+===Turkey===
 In Turkey the percentage of total marriages that are contracted between cousins is between 25-30 percent.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://fpn.dk/liv/krop_valvare/article1616165.ece|2=2012-03-15}} More stillbirths among immigrants] - Jyllands-Posten, February 27, 2009</ref>
-=== Arab nations ===
+===Arab nations===
 Statistical research on Arab countries shows that up to 34% of all marriages in Algiers are consanguine (blood related), 46% in Bahrain, 33% in Egypt, 80% in Nubia (southern Egypt), 60% in Iraq, 64% in Jordan, 64% in Kuwait, 42% in Lebanon, 48% in Libya, 47% in Mauritania, 54% in Qatar, 67% in Saudi Arabia, 63% in Sudan, 40% in Syria, 39% in Tunisia, 54% in the United Arabic Emirates and 45% in Yemen.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/content/6/1/17/table/T1|2=2012-03-15}} Consanguinity and reproductive health among Arabs] - Tadmouri  et al. ''Reproductive Health'' 2009 6:17</ref><ref>[http://europenews.dk/en/node/34368 Muslim Inbreeding: Impacts on intelligence, sanity, health and society] - Nicolai Sennels - EuropeNews, August 9, 2010</ref>