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====One Who Circumcises Other Ladies==== | ====One Who Circumcises Other Ladies==== | ||
This hadith includes an exchange of insults between Meccan warriors and Muhammad's companions prior to the [[Battle of Uhud|battle of Uhud]]. {{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|59|399}}|“[…] I went out with the people for the battle. When the army aligned for the fight, Siba’ came out and said, ‘Is there any (Muslim) to accept my challenge to a duel?’ Hamza bin `Abdul Muttalib came out and said, ‘O Siba’. O Ibn Um Anmar, '''the one who circumcises other ladies!''' Do you challenge Allah and His Apostle?’ […]”}} | {{anchor|other ladies}}This hadith includes an exchange of insults between Meccan warriors and Muhammad's companions prior to the [[Battle of Uhud|battle of Uhud]]. {{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|59|399}}|“[…] I went out with the people for the battle. When the army aligned for the fight, Siba’ came out and said, ‘Is there any (Muslim) to accept my challenge to a duel?’ Hamza bin `Abdul Muttalib came out and said, ‘O Siba’. O Ibn Um Anmar, '''the one who circumcises other ladies!''' Do you challenge Allah and His Apostle?’ […]”}} | ||
====In Bukhari's al-Adab al-Mufrad==== | ====In Bukhari's al-Adab al-Mufrad==== | ||
The following two hadiths come from Al-Adab Al-Mufrad. This is a collection of hadith about the manners of Muhammad and his companions, compiled by the Islamic scholar al-Bukhari. It contains 1,322 hadiths, most of which focus on Muhammad's companions rather than Muhammad himself. Al-Bukhari's evaluation of the hadiths within ''al-Adab al-Mufrad'' was not as rigorous as for his best-known collection - ''[[Sahih Bukhari]]''. However, scholars have ruled most of the hadith in the collection as being ''sahih'' (authentic) or ''hasan'' (sound). | The following two hadiths come from Al-Adab Al-Mufrad. This is a collection of hadith about the manners of Muhammad and his companions, compiled by the Islamic scholar al-Bukhari. It contains 1,322 hadiths, most of which focus on Muhammad's companions rather than Muhammad himself. Al-Bukhari's evaluation of the hadiths within ''al-Adab al-Mufrad'' was not as rigorous as for his best-known collection - ''[[Sahih Bukhari]]''. However, scholars have ruled most of the hadith in the collection as being ''sahih'' (authentic) or ''hasan'' (sound). | ||
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==Islamic Doctrine that creates social conditions favourable to FGM== | ==Islamic Doctrine that creates social conditions favourable to FGM== | ||
It is very likely that FGM was practiced in Arabia before Mohammed's birth. | It is very likely that FGM was practiced in Arabia before Mohammed's birth. The hadith [[#other ladies|'One Who Circumcises Other Ladies']] reports an exchange of insults prior to the [[Battle of Badr|battle of Badr]], which took place only two years after the Hijra. One of the Muslims taunts a Meccan warrior with.... | ||
=== The pre-Islamic origins of FGM === | ===The pre-Islamic origins of FGM=== | ||
In polygynous societies it is only the richest and most powerful men who are able to afford to keep multiple wives. However, these high-status polygynous men face a problem guaranteeing the fidelity of their many wives - and the more wives they have the greater the problem becomes. In a monogamous marriage a husband and wife can spend much of their time with one another, and become close to one another, and their sexual and emotional needs are more-or-less proportional. A polygynous man may have two, four, hundred or even a thousand wives (note that under Islamic law places a limit on the number of wives a man may have, however it places no limit on the number of concubines/sex-slaves a man can own), whom he must satisfy emotionally and sexually, and whose desire for motherhood he must also satisfy. If one of his wive's needs are not satisfied, she may be tempted be unfaithful, and this may result in the high-status man rearing a child that is not his own. Which, evolutionary speaking, is a disaster. | In polygynous societies it is only the richest and most powerful men who are able to afford to keep multiple wives. However, these high-status polygynous men face a problem guaranteeing the fidelity of their many wives - and the more wives they have the greater the problem becomes. In a monogamous marriage a husband and wife can spend much of their time with one another, and become close to one another, and their sexual and emotional needs are more-or-less proportional. A polygynous man may have two, four, hundred or even a thousand wives (note that under Islamic law places a limit on the number of wives a man may have, however it places no limit on the number of concubines/sex-slaves a man can own), whom he must satisfy emotionally and sexually, and whose desire for motherhood he must also satisfy. If one of his wive's needs are not satisfied, she may be tempted be unfaithful, and this may result in the high-status man rearing a child that is not his own. Which, evolutionary speaking, is a disaster. | ||
In order to assure themselves of the chastity and fidelity of their many wives, polygynous men have developed a variety of Chastity Assurance practices: | In order to assure themselves of the chastity and fidelity of their many wives, polygynous men have developed a variety of Chastity Assurance practices: | ||
* '''harems''' - which keep wives locked away, guarded by eunuchs; | *'''harems''' - which keep wives locked away, guarded by eunuchs; | ||
* '''footbinding''' (as once practiced by the Chinese) - which keeps wives from being unfaithful by reducing their mobility and independence; | *'''footbinding''' (as once practiced by the Chinese) - which keeps wives from being unfaithful by reducing their mobility and independence; | ||
* '''chaperoning and gender segregation''' - which hamper and eliminate interactions between the sexes; | *'''chaperoning and gender segregation''' - which hamper and eliminate interactions between the sexes; | ||
* '''arranged marriages''' - which obviate the dangers that romance and courting poses to a girl's chastity and reputation; | *'''arranged marriages''' - which obviate the dangers that romance and courting poses to a girl's chastity and reputation; | ||
* '''veiling''' - which makes girls less interesting and identifiable to males; | *'''veiling''' - which makes girls less interesting and identifiable to males; | ||
* '''Female Genital Mutilation''' - which reduces a girl's capacity for sexual pleasure both physically (through the removal of the clitoris and labia) and mentally (through the effects of trauma). Where a girl has been infibulated her chastity is further guaranteed because her vaginal opening is sealed with a covering of skin, the penetration of which is extremely painful and which leads to severe hemorrhaging that is difficult to conceal. | *'''Female Genital Mutilation''' - which reduces a girl's capacity for sexual pleasure both physically (through the removal of the clitoris and labia) and mentally (through the effects of trauma). Where a girl has been infibulated her chastity is further guaranteed because her vaginal opening is sealed with a covering of skin, the penetration of which is extremely painful and which leads to severe hemorrhaging that is difficult to conceal. | ||
Marriages to high status men are highly advantageous, to both potential brides and their families, who will benefit from having a high status male as a relative. The urge for women to marry into higher strata of society is called ''hypergyny''. It is universal to all societies, but is much more intense in polygynous societies. This is probably because in monogamous societies, once a high-status man marries he is no longer available, whereas in polygynous societies a married high-status man remains available. | Marriages to high status men are highly advantageous, to both potential brides and their families, who will benefit from having a high status male as a relative. The urge for women to marry into higher strata of society is called ''hypergyny''. It is universal to all societies, but is much more intense in polygynous societies. This is probably because in monogamous societies, once a high-status man marries he is no longer available, whereas in polygynous societies a married high-status man remains available. | ||