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Hadith methodology dictates that if it is not mentioned specifically or if the pronouns do not point to a certain gender, then the hadith is valid for both sexes. Hence, the following hadith is applicable for both men and women. | Hadith methodology dictates that if it is not mentioned specifically or if the pronouns do not point to a certain gender, then the hadith is valid for both sexes. Hence, the following hadith is applicable for both men and women. | ||
{{Quote|Bukhari | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|72|777}}; See also {{Muslim|2|495}}|Abu Hurayrah said: I heard the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) say: “The fitrah is five things – or '''five things are part of the fitrah – circumcision''', shaving the pubes, trimming the moustache, cutting the nails and plucking the armpit hairs.”}} | ||
====A preservation of honor for women==== | ====A preservation of honor for women==== | ||
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{{Quote|[https://unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/De-linking%20FGM%20from%20Islam%20final%20report.pdf 'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam'] by Ibrahim Lethome Asmani & Maryam Sheikh Abdi (2008)|'Shafi’i view it as wajib (obligatory) for both females and males'}} | {{Quote|[https://unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/De-linking%20FGM%20from%20Islam%20final%20report.pdf 'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam'] by Ibrahim Lethome Asmani & Maryam Sheikh Abdi (2008)|'Shafi’i view it as wajib (obligatory) for both females and males'}} | ||
'Reliance of the Traveller' by by Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (1302–1367) is the Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law according to Shafi'i School. {{Quote|''Reliance of the Traveler'' [''Umdat al-Salik''], Section e4.3 on Circumcision|'''Obligatory (on every male and female) is circumcision.''' (And it is the cutting-off of the skin [''qat' al-jaldah''] on the glans of the male member and, '''as for the circumcision of the female, that is the cutting-off of the clitoris')}}Nuh Ha Mim Keller's 1991 translation of Reliance of the Traveller is bowdlerised to make its content more acceptable to Western eyes and translates the word 'bazr' ( بَظْرٌ ) as 'clitorial prepuce' instead of simply 'clitoris' (see section [[#Defining Bazr|Defining Bazr)]]. | 'Reliance of the Traveller' by by Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (1302–1367) is the Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law according to Shafi'i School. {{Quote|''Reliance of the Traveler'' [''Umdat al-Salik''], Section e4.3 on Circumcision|'''Obligatory (on every male and female) is circumcision.''' (And it is the cutting-off of the skin [''qat' al-jaldah''] on the glans of the male member and, '''as for the circumcision of the female, that is the cutting-off of the clitoris')}}'''Nuh Ha Mim Keller's 1991 translation of Reliance of the Traveller is bowdlerised to make its content more acceptable to Western eyes and translates the word 'bazr' ( بَظْرٌ ) as 'clitorial prepuce' instead of simply 'clitoris' (see section [[#Defining Bazr|Defining Bazr)]].''' | ||
===Hanbali Madhab=== | ===Hanbali Madhab=== | ||
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Consequently, polygynous societies evolve technologies and practices which assure the chastity of both wives and ''potential'' wives. | Consequently, polygynous societies evolve technologies and practices which assure the chastity of both wives and ''potential'' wives. | ||
* '''harems''' keep 'concubines' locked away, guarded by eunuchs; | *'''harems''' keep 'concubines' locked away, guarded by eunuchs; | ||
* '''footbinding''' (as once practiced by the Chinese) reduces the physical independence of girls and women; | *'''footbinding''' (as once practiced by the Chinese) reduces the physical independence of girls and women; | ||
* '''chaperoning and gender segregation''' eliminate interactions between the sexes; | *'''chaperoning and gender segregation''' eliminate interactions between the sexes; | ||
* '''arranged and child marriages''' obviate the dangers that romance and courtship pose to a girl's chastity and reputation; | *'''arranged and child marriages''' obviate the dangers that romance and courtship pose to a girl's chastity and reputation; | ||
* '''veiling''' makes girls less interesting and identifiable to males; | *'''veiling''' makes girls less interesting and identifiable to males; | ||
* '''FGM''' reduces women's capacity for sexual pleasure both physically (through the removal of the clitoris and labia, or sealing the vagina shut) and mentally (through the effects of trauma). | *'''FGM''' reduces women's capacity for sexual pleasure both physically (through the removal of the clitoris and labia, or sealing the vagina shut) and mentally (through the effects of trauma). | ||
Hypergyny is the urge for women to marry into higher strata of society. Polygynous societies are extremely ''hypergynous''. It is considered preferable to be the nth wife of a rich man than the only wife of a poor man. This is because in polygynous societies | Hypergyny is the urge for women to marry into higher strata of society. Polygynous societies are extremely ''hypergynous''. It is considered preferable to be the nth wife of a rich man than the only wife of a poor man. This is because in polygynous societies | ||
* a married high-status man remains available to further marriages (unlike in monogamous societies); | *a married high-status man remains available to further marriages (unlike in monogamous societies); | ||
* the only acceptable role for a girl to aspire to is that of 'wife'. A girl can only better her life by marrying a rich man; | *the only acceptable role for a girl to aspire to is that of 'wife'. A girl can only better her life by marrying a rich man; | ||
* the wealth gradient tends to be steeper – the poor poorer, the rich richer ; | *the wealth gradient tends to be steeper – the poor poorer, the rich richer ; | ||
* marriages involve the payment of a brideprice by the groom (or his family) to the bride (or her family), which will be higher from a rich man than from a poor man; | *marriages involve the payment of a brideprice by the groom (or his family) to the bride (or her family), which will be higher from a rich man than from a poor man; | ||
* marriage to high status men is highly advantageous to the bride's family, who will benefit from the bride-price and from having a high-status male as a relative. | *marriage to high status men is highly advantageous to the bride's family, who will benefit from the bride-price and from having a high-status male as a relative. | ||
To stand a chance of making an 'advantageous' marriage girls must meet the requirements of the high-status polygynous men. She, and her family, must persuade him that she is 'pure', chaste and will be faithful. They demonstrate this by adopting (or having their daughter adopt) the Chastity Assurance practices required by polygynous elite man, whether it be FGM or other such practices listed above. The intensely hypergynous nature of polygynous societies means that the marriage requirements of high-status polygynous men cascade down through the ranks of society, and are rapidly adopted by all families. | To stand a chance of making an 'advantageous' marriage girls must meet the requirements of the high-status polygynous men. She, and her family, must persuade him that she is 'pure', chaste and will be faithful. They demonstrate this by adopting (or having their daughter adopt) the Chastity Assurance practices required by polygynous elite man, whether it be FGM or other such practices listed above. The intensely hypergynous nature of polygynous societies means that the marriage requirements of high-status polygynous men cascade down through the ranks of society, and are rapidly adopted by all families. | ||