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Flynnjed

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 This school is named after the scholar Abū Ḥanīfa an-Nu‘man ibn Thābit (d. 767) and is school with the largest number of followers among Sunni Moslems. Abū Ḥanīfa maintained that FGM is not obligatory but highly recommended.
-''“FGM is Sunnah (deed of Prophet SAW) although there is some disagreement among the Hanafi jurists on the issue – some consider it as mustah’ab as well (‘favorable’ not ‘compulsory’/wajib), while most agree with the Hadith (saying of Prophet SAW ) that “circumcision is Sunnah for men and Makrooh (undesirable) for women””'' Manzoor Hussain &c
+{{Quote|'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam' by Ibrahim Lethome Asmani & Maryam Sheikh Abdi (2008)|The Hanafi view is that it is a sunnah (optional act) for both females and males}}
-''“there are two different opinions. Some Hanafî scholars consider it to be a Sunnah for women. Others consider it to be merely an honorable thing.”'' Sheikh (Dr.) `Abd al-Rahmân &c
+The Hanafi school is the school of Islam under which there is the least incidence of FGM. Pakistani Muslims are generally Hanafi, and have, till recently, been the largest Moslem diaspora to the West. Pakistanis are also frequently English-speaking. Both of which facts increase the prevalence in the West of the narrative that FGM is nothing to do with Islam. With increasing immigration to the West from Shafi’i countries (Somalia in particular) this narrative is harder to maintain since (see below) FGM is obligatory under Shafi’i Islam.
-''“makrama for women (“noble”, as opposed to obligatory)”'' Wikipedia: Religious views on FGM
-''“the Hanafis do not regard female circumcision as “sunnah”'' stop fgm middle east – Islam-or-culture?
-''“The Hanafi school considers female circumcision to be sunnah (preferred).”'' Religious views on female genital mutilation
-''“The Hanafi view is that it is a sunnah (optional act) for'' […] ''females“'' Delinking Female Genital Mutilation &c
-The Hanafi school is the school of Islam under which there is the least incidence of FGM. Pakistani Muslims are generally Hanafi, and have, till recently, been the largest Moslem diaspora to the West. Pakistanis are also frequently English-speaking. Both of which facts increase the prevalence in the West of the narrative that ''‘FGM is nothing to do with Islam’''. With increasing immigration to the West from Shafi’i countries (Somalia in particular) this narrative is harder to maintain since (as we shall see below) FGM is obligatory under Shafi’i Islam.
 ===Shafi'i Madhab===
-Female genital mutilation (FGM) is obligatory in the Shafi'i madhab.<ref name=":0">[https://www.answering-islam.org/Sharia/fem_circumcision.html Section on FGM in the standard manual of Shafi'i law]</ref> The Shafi’i school was founded by the Arab scholar Al-Shafi‘i in the early 9th century. Where passages of Koran and Hadiths are ambiguous, the school first seeks religious law guidance from Ijma (the consensus of Sahabah). If there was no consensus, Shafi’i scholars rely on Ijtihad (individual opinion of the companions of Mohammed), followed by Qiyas (analogy). Note that the Shafi’i school rejects two methods of law that are accepted by other major schools of Islam: Istihsan (juristic preference) and Istislah (public interest), heuristics by which compassion and welfare can be integrated into Islamic law-making.{{Quote|''Reliance of the Traveler'' [''Umdat al-Salik''], Section e4.3 on Circumcision|'''Obligatory (on every male and female) is circumcision.''' (And it is the cutting-off of the skin [''qat' al-jaldah''] on the glans of the male member and, '''as for the circumcision of the female, that is the cutting-off of the ''badhar'' [''qat' al-badhar'', ''badhar'' or بَظْرٌ either means the clitoris or the prepuce of the clitoris; Lane says that the precise usage was confused at some point in history<ref>[http://lexicon.quranic-research.net/data/02_b/137_bZr.html Lane's Lexicon بَظْرٌ]</ref>]''' (and this is called ''khufad''))}}The Shafi’i school was founded by the Arab scholar Al-Shafi‘i in the early 9th century.
+The Shafi’i school was founded by the Arab scholar Al-Shafi‘i in the early 9th century. The Shafi’i school rejects two interpretative heuristics that are accepted by other major schools of Islam: Istihsan (juristic preference) and Istislah (public interest), heuristics by which compassion and welfare can be integrated into Islamic law-making. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is obligatory in the Shafi'i madhab.<ref name=":0">[https://www.answering-islam.org/Sharia/fem_circumcision.html Section on FGM in the standard manual of Shafi'i law]</ref> Infibulation, the most extreme form of FGM practiced under Islam, is almost entirely attributable to Shafi'i Muslims.
-Where passages of Koran and Hadiths are ambiguous, the school first seeks religious law guidance from ''Ijma'' (the consensus of Sahabah). If there was no consensus, the Shafi’i school relies on ''Ijtihad'' (individual opinion of the companions of Mohammed), followed by ''Qiyas'' (analogy).
-Note that the Shafi’i school rejects two methods of law that are accepted by other major schools of Islam: ''Istihsan'' (juristic preference) and ''Istislah'' (public interest), heuristics by which compassion and welfare may best be integrated into Islamic law-making.
+on &c
-Shafi’i Moslems practice infibulation, the most extreme form of FGM.
+''“Shafi’i view it as wajib (obligatory) for both females and males”'' Delinking Female Genital Mutilati
-''“The Shafi’ee school of thought consider it as Wajib (obligatory) but here isn’t complete consensus among the jurists.”'' Manzoor Hussain &c
+{{Quote|'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam' by Ibrahim Lethome Asmani & Maryam Sheikh Abdi (2008)|'Shafi’i view it as wajib (obligatory) for both females and males'}}
-''“circumcision is considered an obligation for both men and women. This is the official ruling of that school of thought. Some Shâfi`î scholars express the view that circumcision is obligatory for men and merely Sunnah for women.”'' Sheikh (Dr.) `Abd al-Rahmân &c
+'Reliance of the Traveller' by by Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (1302–1367) is the Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law according to Shafi'i School. {{Quote|''Reliance of the Traveler'' [''Umdat al-Salik''], Section e4.3 on Circumcision|'''Obligatory (on every male and female) is circumcision.''' (And it is the cutting-off of the skin [''qat' al-jaldah''] on the glans of the male member and, '''as for the circumcision of the female, that is the cutting-off of the clitoris')}}Nuh Ha Mim Keller's 1991 translation of Reliance of the Traveller is bowdlerised to make its content more acceptable to Western eyes and translates the word 'bazr' ( '''بَظْرٌ )''' as 'clitorial prepuce' instead of simply 'clitoris' (see section [[#bazr]]'''<br />'''
-''“For the Shafi’i school it is obligatory (wājib)”'' Wikipedia: Religious views on FGM
-''“the practice is'' […] ''considered obligatory by the Shafi’i school. Though not without internal dissent, the Shafi’i position is clearly expressed: “The official position of the Shafi’i School is that it is obligatory for a woman.” There is also a weaker opinion that Imam Nawawi relates in Rawdah 10/180 that it is recommended.””'' stop fgm middle east – Islam-or-culture? (see also <nowiki>http://shafiifiqh.com/question-details.aspx?qstID=173</nowiki>)
-''““Circumcision is obligatory (for every male and female) by cutting off the piece of skin on the glans of the penis of the male, but circumcision of the female is by cutting out the bazr ‘clitoris’ (this is called khufaaddh, ‘female circumcision’).”'' The Reliance of the Traveller (the Sa’afi handbook of Sharia)
-''“The Shafi’i school considers female circumcision to be wajib (obligatory).”'' Religious views on female genital mutilation
-''“Shafi’i view it as wajib (obligatory) for both females and males”'' Delinking Female Genital Mutilation &c
 ===Hanbali Madhab===
@@ Line 208: / Line 186: @@
 ===not all moslems practice FGM===
+===lack of consensus of scholars===
 ==='sunnah circumcision'===
+mention reliance of the traveller mistranslation
+===Defining 'Bazr' ('''بَظْرٌ )'''===
+{{anchor|bazr}} Nuh Ha Mim Keller, an American convert to Islam, in 1991 published the (then) only English translation of ‘The Reliance of the Traveller’ (the most authoritative handbook of Sharia law). Instead of translating the word ‘bazr’ as ''‘clitoris‘'', he translates it as ''‘prepuce of the clitoris‘'' – thus appearing to mitigating the severity of the practice.
+{{Quote|https://archive.org/details/RelianceOfThetraveller/New%20Folder/RelianceOfThetraveller_by_AhmadIbnNaqib-al-misri_english-arabic/page/n77/mode/2up|'Circumcision is obligatory (O: for both men and women. For men it consists of removing the prepuce from the penis, and for women, removing the prepuce (Ar. Bazr) of the clitoris (n: not the clitoris itself, as some mistakenly assert). (A: Hanbalis hold that circumcision of women is not obligatory but sunna, while Hanafis consider it a mere courtesy to the husband.)'}}
+(the abbreviations in the text mean: '''A''': comment by Sheikh ‘Abd al-Wakil Durubi, '''Ar''': Arabic, '''n''': remark by the translator)
+Nuh Ha Mim Keller gives no justification for translating Bazr (بظر) as ‘prepuce of the clitoris’ rather than just ‘clitoris’. And all Arabic dictionaries givethe word 'Clitoris' for Bazr ( بظر). None lists ''‘prepuce of the clitoris’'' even as a secondary definition. A systematic consultation of online Arabic dictionaries gives the same result, as does [https://translate.google.com/?sl=ar&tl=en&text=%20%D8%A8%D8%B8%D8%B1&op=translate Google Translate].
+If one accepts Keller’s definition of Bazr (بظر) then one has to accept that:
+# Arabic speakers, writers and translators, over the past 1400 years, have been getting the definition of Bazr wrong,
+# that Arabic has no word for ‘clitoris’.
 ===equivocation===
 {{anchor|equivocation}}