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Embryology in the Quran: Difference between revisions
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→The Formation of Bone: detailed sources on musculo-skeletal development
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Thus, Keith Moore is wrong. Muscles do not take their positions around the bone forms at the end of the seventh week and during the eighth week. All the muscle blocks have already appeared around the developing skeleton by day 36 – i.e. early week 5. Bone and Muscle develop contemporaneously. In fact, muscle appears ''before'' bone and around the same time as the cartilage precursor. | Thus, Keith Moore is wrong. Muscles do not take their positions around the bone forms at the end of the seventh week and during the eighth week. All the muscle blocks have already appeared around the developing skeleton by day 36 – i.e. early week 5. Bone and Muscle develop contemporaneously. In fact, muscle appears ''before'' bone and around the same time as the cartilage precursor. | ||
A week 6 embryo (Carnegie Stage 16) already has musculature when the cartilage is forming. | A week 6 embryo (Carnegie Stage 16) already has musculature when the cartilage is forming. | ||
A very detailed account of musculo-skeletal development in the human limb by clinical-geneticist Robert Jan Galjaard can be read online.<ref>Galjaard, R.J.H 2003. [http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/10474/030924_Galjaard,%20Robert-Jan%20Harmen.pdf Mapping Studies of Congenital Limb Anomalies]. Page 16</ref><ref> This diagram (strictly speaking for mice, but considered a good analog for humans in this respect) also helps us appreciate the complexity of the process: | |||
[http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Musculoskeletal_System_-_Muscle_Development#Mouse_Limb_Muscle Musculoskeletal System - Muscle Development]</ref>It details that muscle precursor cells migrate from the somites into the limb buds (ca. day 26), well before the condensing core of mesenchyme has started to chondrify into cartilage bone models in the upper part of the limb (ca. day 37), followed by the lower part (ca. day 41). The muscle precursor cells aggregate around these cores and have grouped into distinct muscle masses by day 41. | |||
Furthermore, Lane's Lexicon gives no indication that lahm means muscles specifically rather than flesh in general.<ref>Lane’s Lexicon - [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000262.pdf Volume 8/ 262] - StudyQuran.org</ref><ref>Lane’s Lexicon - [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000263.pdf Volume 8/ 263] - StudyQuran.org</ref> Thus the QEP is even more inaccurate as it suggests that there is a stage when the bones are unclothed without any kind of flesh. We have more evidence supporting this interpretation elsewhere in the Qur'an. Verse 2:259 uses the same Arabic words as does 23:14 for 'bones', 'clothed' and 'flesh' to describe the resurrection of a donkey which had been dead for 100 years. Verse 22:5 (see quote in next section) suggests that embryological development has similarities with resurrection. | Furthermore, Lane's Lexicon gives no indication that lahm means muscles specifically rather than flesh in general.<ref>Lane’s Lexicon - [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000262.pdf Volume 8/ 262] - StudyQuran.org</ref><ref>Lane’s Lexicon - [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000263.pdf Volume 8/ 263] - StudyQuran.org</ref> Thus the QEP is even more inaccurate as it suggests that there is a stage when the bones are unclothed without any kind of flesh. We have more evidence supporting this interpretation elsewhere in the Qur'an. Verse 2:259 uses the same Arabic words as does 23:14 for 'bones', 'clothed' and 'flesh' to describe the resurrection of a donkey which had been dead for 100 years. Verse 22:5 (see quote in next section) suggests that embryological development has similarities with resurrection. | ||
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<BR>'''Transliteration:''' ''waonthur ila himarika walinajAAalaka ayatan lilnnasi waonthur ila alAAithami kayfa nunshizuha thumma naksooha lahman''}} | <BR>'''Transliteration:''' ''waonthur ila himarika walinajAAalaka ayatan lilnnasi waonthur ila alAAithami kayfa nunshizuha thumma naksooha lahman''}} | ||
The resurrected donkey's bones clearly had no flesh on them (were unclothed), and then Allah clothed them. This rather suggests that when the same words are used in 23:14 to describe the developing fetus, the author had in mind a small bare skeleton, which is then clothed with flesh. | The resurrected donkey's bones clearly had no flesh on them (were unclothed), and then Allah clothed them. This rather suggests that when the same words are used in 23:14 to describe the developing fetus, the author had in mind a small bare skeleton, which is then clothed with flesh. | ||
===The End of Cell Differentiation=== | ===The End of Cell Differentiation=== | ||