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Jizyah: Difference between revisions
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→Kharaj: quote as a response to apologetics, esp. the ones on wikipedia
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In Islamic territories, Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians who did not convert to Islam were required to pay a tax called the jizya. Many people converted to Islam to avoid this tax or to escape the ban on non-Muslims owning land. As financial problems mounted for the Umayyad rulers, authorities imposed the kharaj as a property tax for recent converts. Popular opposition to the tax led to a revolt in 747 and precipitated the downfall of the Umayyad dynasty.}} | In Islamic territories, Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians who did not convert to Islam were required to pay a tax called the jizya. Many people converted to Islam to avoid this tax or to escape the ban on non-Muslims owning land. As financial problems mounted for the Umayyad rulers, authorities imposed the kharaj as a property tax for recent converts. Popular opposition to the tax led to a revolt in 747 and precipitated the downfall of the Umayyad dynasty.}} | ||
Some western apologists of Islam say that jizya and kharaj were not significantly higher than the taxes collected in the pre-Islamic [[w:Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and [[w:Sassanid Empire|Sassanid]] empires. The following quote by orientalist scholars proves otherwise: | |||
{{Quote|N. V. Pigulevskaya, A. Yu. Yakubovski, I. P. Petrushevski, L. V. Stroeva, A. M. Belenitski. ''The History of Iran from Ancient Times to the End of Eighteenth Century'' (in Persian), Tehran, 1967, p. 161.|A comparison between pre-Islamic documents and those of the Islamic period reveals that conquering Arabs increased the land taxation without exception. Thus, raising taxes of each acre of wheat field to 4 dirhams and each acre of barley field to 2 dirhams, whereas during reign of Khosro Anushiravan it used to be a single dirham for each acre of a wheat or barley field. During the later stage of Umayyad Caliphate, conquered and subjugated Persians were paying from one fourth to one third of their land produce to the Arab Empire as kharaj.}} | |||
Kharaj was also imposed on Hindu peasants of India during the rule of the [[w:Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultanate]] and the Mughals. Its value varied from 20 percent to 50 percent of the produce.<ref>K. S. Lal. ''Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India''. Chapter IV: "Income of the State". Archived at [http://www.webcitation.org/6l5ThExd8]. Aditya Prakashan. 1999. ISBN 8186471723 </ref> | Kharaj was also imposed on Hindu peasants of India during the rule of the [[w:Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultanate]] and the Mughals. Its value varied from 20 percent to 50 percent of the produce.<ref>K. S. Lal. ''Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India''. Chapter IV: "Income of the State". Archived at [http://www.webcitation.org/6l5ThExd8]. Aditya Prakashan. 1999. ISBN 8186471723 </ref> | ||