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===Opium Extracts===

{{Quote||'''Co je učeno:''' During the 16th century Paracelsus invented the use of opium extracts for anesthesia.<BR><BR>'''Co by se mělo učit:''' Muslim physicians introduced the anesthetic value of opium derivatives during the Middle Ages. Opium was originally used as an anesthetic agent by the Greeks. Paracelus was a student of Ibn Sina's works from which it is almost assured that he derived this idea.<ref name="Dr K. Ajram"></ref>}}

Dioscorides (40 - 90 AD), wrote about the use of opium and mandragora as surgical anesthetics. The Ancient Egyptians also use mandrake and hashish as pain-killers.<ref name="Egypt">[{{Reference archive|1=http://web.archive.org/web/20090311024005/http://nefertiti.iwebland.com/timelines/topics/medicine.htm|2=2013-01-10}} Ancient Egyptian Medicine] - Pharaonic Egypt, archived March 11, 2009</ref>