Zakat (Tax)

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Zakāt (زكاة) is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. It is a fard (obligatory) tax[1] required of Muslims, amounting to about 2.5% of one's wealth over the course of a year. Slaves and horses owned by Muslims are exempt from this taxation.[2][3]

Recipients

It is obligatory to distribute zakat among eight different categories of recipients, based on a verse in the Qur'an:

Alms are for the poor and the needy, and those employed to administer the (funds); for those whose hearts have been (recently) reconciled (to Truth); for those in bondage and in debt; in the cause of Allah; and for the wayfarer: (thus is it) ordained by Allah, and Allah is full of knowledge and wisdom.


Non-Muslims

There is scholarly consensus (ijma`) that non-Muslims are not among those who are to benefit.[4][5][6][7] This has led to mainstream Islamic charities, like Islamic Relief, almost exclusively focusing their humanitarian work in Muslim majority nations or areas in non-Muslim countries which are heavily populated by Muslim minorities.[8] In the aftermath of the 2010 Pakistan floods, many Christian survivors were denied aid supplied by Muslim charities for this very reason.[9]

On the other hand, it is permissible to give sadaqah (regular, voluntary charity, not the obligatory zakat) to poor non-Muslims, on the preconditions that they "have not carried out any hostile actions against the Muslims". In addition, non-Muslims can receive zakat "to attract the hearts of those inclined towards Islam", which is one of the eight categories of zakat recipients.[10]

Jihadists

One of the eight purposes of zakat is "in the cause of Allah" (fi sabilillah). This is widely interpreted in Islamic jurisprudence, but invariably includes jihad. In the classic manual of Shafi'i fiqh it is for "those fighting for Allah, meaning people engaged in Islamic military operations for whom no salary has been allotted in the army roster (but who are volunteers for jihad without remuneration)."[11][12][13] There have been numerous cases of Islamic charities all over the world funding terrorism.[14]

An example of modern-day conflicts where those who are participating are considered in Islam to be fighting in "the Way of Allah" and where "zakat must be spent", include, "Palestine, Kashmir, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Chad, Somalia, Cyprus, Samarqand, Bukhara, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Albania and several other occupied countries."[15][16]

Donation and Taxation

Islamic terms are often not completely analogous to the commonly-accepted/non-Islamic concepts they are mostly associated with. In Islamic terms, zakat is both a tax and a charity, and no problem is seen with discussing it as both, along with actual voluntary Islamic charity (i.e. the sadaqah). But by its commonly-accepted definition, it is strictly a tax.

When considering compulsory taxation in most non-Islamic nations, it is charged on certain goods and is taken by the state from individual yearly earnings and then in part distributed to those within the state who are unemployed, or other public services, such as the state's military services. In essence, this tax functions similarly to zakat, with the state distributing portions of the tax revenue for welfare purposes in accordance with the benevolent values of the society.

Like taxes, zakat is a fard (obligatory) requirement from Muslims, amounting to about 2.5% of one's wealth over the course of a year. It is levied on five categories of property—food grains; fruit; camels, cattle, sheep, and goats; gold and silver; and movable goods—and is payable each year after one year’s possession.[1]

The collection and expenditure of this zakat throughout Islam's history has been a function of the state. The compulsory payment was collected and distributed by the state under the Prophet Muhammad, the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, the later Caliphate, and is even collected and distributed by the state in some theocracies today (for example, Saudi Arabia).[1]. The first Caliph, Abu Bakr, enforced the collection of zakat from Arab tribes that had rebelled after Muhammad's death (see Ridda Wars).

Thus a full implementation of zakat via a state apparatus makes it, in all but name, a tax. In countries where zakat is not enforced and administered by the state, an individual Muslim decides which specific causes to support, and such activity can more clearly be described as (obligatory) charitable giving. This is not to doubt the great generosity of spirit and charitable intentions of individual Muslims giving zakat.

See Also

External links

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 "zakat (Islamic tax)", Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed November 16, 2013 (archived), http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/655448/zakat. 
  2. "Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle said, "There is no Zakat either on a horse or a slave belonging to a Muslim"" - Sahih Bukhari 2:24:542
  3. "Narrated Abu Huraira :- The Prophet said,"There is no Zakat either on a slave or on a horse belonging to a Muslim." - Sahih Bukhari 2:24:543
  4. Shaykh Faraz Rabbani, "Zakat Cannot Be Given To Non-Muslims", SunniPath Q&A, July 3, 2005
  5. Muhammed Zakariyya Desai, "Imam of our Masjid has given Fatwa that Zakat can be given to non muslims", Ask Imam, Fatwa No. 15407, July 22, 2007
  6. Haytham bin Jawwad al-Haddad, "The way of giving Zakat al-Fitr in non-Islamic Lands", IslamicAwakening, Article ID: 984, November 20, 2002 (archived), http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=984. 
  7. Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Nuh Ha Mim Keller (Ed., Trans.), "Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law", sections; h8.7, h8.14, h8.24.
  8. For an in-depth discussion of this issue, refer to "Islamic Relief and the Myth of Non-Discriminating Muslim Charity"
  9. Pakistan: some Christians denied aid unless they convert to Islam - Catholic Culture, September 6, 2010
  10. Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid, "Giving zakaah to kaafirs", Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 21384
  11. Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Nuh Ha Mim Keller (Ed., Trans.), "Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law", sections; h8.7, h8.17.
  12. Imam's Corner, "Zakat-ul-mal (Zakat)", The Islamic Association of Raleigh, December 30, 2004
  13. IslamQA
  14. One example is the World Assembly of Muslim Youth which was stripped of its charitable status after a Canada Revenue Agency investigation linked it to a Saudi-based group that financed Islamic terror campaigns by al-Qaeda, but there are literally dozens of other examples easily found via a Google search.
  15. Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Fiqh az-Zakat: A Comparative Study
  16. "Spending Zakah Money on Jihad", IslamOnline, March 9, 2011