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→Abu Bakr and Umar
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Islamo-apologists like to emphasise Aisha’s public life. They describe her as “a political activist”<ref>[http://hibamagazine.com/tag/aisha-bint-abu-bakr/ Omar, K. “Ummul-Mumineen – Aisha (rta)” in ''Liba''].</ref> and refer to her “predominant role in government”<ref>[http://www.australianmuslimwomen.org.au/1/post/2012/03/post-title-click-and-type-to-edit.html/ “Legacy of Great Muslim Women Leaders”] in ''Australian Muslim Women’s Association''.</ref> However, such remarks tend to confuse the ''public'' sphere with the ''professional'', perhaps betraying the reality that, historically speaking, most Muslim women have been excluded from both. Aisha was unquestionably a working professional; she influenced people who came to her voluntarily for teaching about Islam; but outside of her profession, there are few concrete examples of her political activity. She never bore an office of state. There is no evidence that she was ever consulted about policy. If she chose to speak out, she was not always heeded. It would be closer to the truth to state that Aisha was a minor political figure who ''occasionally'' influenced politics. | Islamo-apologists like to emphasise Aisha’s public life. They describe her as “a political activist”<ref>[http://hibamagazine.com/tag/aisha-bint-abu-bakr/ Omar, K. “Ummul-Mumineen – Aisha (rta)” in ''Liba''].</ref> and refer to her “predominant role in government”<ref>[http://www.australianmuslimwomen.org.au/1/post/2012/03/post-title-click-and-type-to-edit.html/ “Legacy of Great Muslim Women Leaders”] in ''Australian Muslim Women’s Association''.</ref> However, such remarks tend to confuse the ''public'' sphere with the ''professional'', perhaps betraying the reality that, historically speaking, most Muslim women have been excluded from both. Aisha was unquestionably a working professional; she influenced people who came to her voluntarily for teaching about Islam; but outside of her profession, there are few concrete examples of her political activity. She never bore an office of state. There is no evidence that she was ever consulted about policy. If she chose to speak out, she was not always heeded. It would be closer to the truth to state that Aisha was a minor political figure who ''occasionally'' influenced politics. | ||
For the first two years after Muhammad’s death, Abu Bakr was the Caliph (leader) of the Islamic state.<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 184}}.</ref> The Arab tribes who did not want to pay tax immediately apostasised from Islam,<ref>{{Muslim|1|29}}.</ref> and “the whole of Central Arabia [was] either in open apostasy or ready to break away on the first demand of tithe.”<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap3.htm/ Muir, W. (1924). ''The Caliphate: its Rise, Decline and Fall from Original Sources'', 2nd Ed., p. 12]. Edinburgh: John Grant.</ref> Aisha recalled, “If what fell upon my father had fallen upon the solid mountains, it would have crushed them,”<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti, pp. 73-74.</ref> but Abu Bakr determined to fight the apostates until they re-submitted and paid every ''dirham'' “down to the last camel’s halter.”<ref>{{Muslim|1|29}}.</ref> Aisha played no visible role while her father “crushed Apostasy and laid secure the foundations of Islam.”<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap11.htm/ Muir (1924), p. 81].</ref> Abu Bakr died of a fever in August 634<ref>{{Tabari|11|p.129}}.</ref> and was also buried in Aisha’s house.<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti p. 86.]</ref> It was only a few months since Aisha had lost her brother Abdullah, who died of battle-wounds,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 591; Bewley/Saad 8:187.</ref> and her grandmother Umm al-Khayr;<ref>Ibn Hajar, ''Al-Isaba'' Vol. 4.</ref> her grandfather Abu Quhafa died a few months later at the age of 95.<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti p. 87.</ref> | For the first two years after Muhammad’s death, Abu Bakr was the [[Caliph]] (leader) of the Islamic state.<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 184}}.</ref> The Arab tribes who did not want to pay [[Zaqat (tax)|tax]] immediately apostasised from Islam,<ref>{{Muslim|1|29}}.</ref> and “the whole of Central Arabia [was] either in open apostasy or ready to break away on the first demand of tithe.”<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap3.htm/ Muir, W. (1924). ''The Caliphate: its Rise, Decline and Fall from Original Sources'', 2nd Ed., p. 12]. Edinburgh: John Grant.</ref> Aisha recalled, “If what fell upon my father had fallen upon the solid mountains, it would have crushed them,”<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti, pp. 73-74.</ref> but Abu Bakr determined to fight the apostates until they re-submitted and paid every ''dirham'' “down to the last camel’s halter.”<ref>{{Muslim|1|29}}.</ref> Aisha played no visible role while her father “crushed Apostasy and laid secure the foundations of Islam.”<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap11.htm/ Muir (1924), p. 81].</ref> Abu Bakr died of a fever in August 634<ref>{{Tabari|11|p.129}}.</ref> and was also buried in Aisha’s house.<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti p. 86.]</ref> It was only a few months since Aisha had lost her brother Abdullah, who died of battle-wounds,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 591; Bewley/Saad 8:187.</ref> and her grandmother Umm al-Khayr;<ref>Ibn Hajar, ''Al-Isaba'' Vol. 4.</ref> her grandfather Abu Quhafa died a few months later at the age of 95.<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti p. 87.</ref> | ||
Umar succeeded Abu Bakr as caliph.<ref>{{Tabari|11|pp. 145-147, 513}}; {{Tabari}15}p. 4}}.</ref> His reign was devoted to conquest. He sent his armies to Mesopotamia, Syria, Jordan, Jerusalem and the Holy Land, Persia, much of Byzantium, parts of Afghanistan, Egypt, Mauritania and Morocco, and subjected them all to Islam.<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti pp. 135-137.</ref> “He directed the government with the most complete success and victories were numerous during his time.”<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti p. 135.</ref> “‘Omar began his reign master only of Arabia. He died the Caliph of an Empire.”<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap26.htm/ Muir (1924), p. 190].</ref> This expansionist policy did not require assistance from Aisha or any other woman, and there is no record that Aisha had anything to do with any of it. Umar liked women to sit behind curtains where men could not see them.<ref>{{Bukhari|7|60|318}}; {{Muslim|26|5395}}; {{Muslim|26|5396}}.</ref> He did not like them to contribute ideas.<ref>E.g., {{Bukhari|7|62|119}}: “I shouted at my wife and she retorted against me and I disliked that she should answer me back.”</ref> | Umar succeeded Abu Bakr as caliph.<ref>{{Tabari|11|pp. 145-147, 513}}; {{Tabari}15}p. 4}}.</ref> His reign was devoted to conquest. He sent his armies to Mesopotamia, Syria, Jordan, Jerusalem and the Holy Land, Persia, much of Byzantium, parts of Afghanistan, Egypt, Mauritania and Morocco, and subjected them all to Islam.<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti pp. 135-137.</ref> “He directed the government with the most complete success and victories were numerous during his time.”<ref>Jarrett/Suyuti p. 135.</ref> “‘Omar began his reign master only of Arabia. He died the Caliph of an Empire.”<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap26.htm/ Muir (1924), p. 190].</ref> This expansionist policy did not require assistance from Aisha or any other woman, and there is no record that Aisha had anything to do with any of it. Umar liked women to sit behind curtains where men could not see them.<ref>{{Bukhari|7|60|318}}; {{Muslim|26|5395}}; {{Muslim|26|5396}}.</ref> He did not like them to contribute ideas.<ref>E.g., {{Bukhari|7|62|119}}: “I shouted at my wife and she retorted against me and I disliked that she should answer me back.”</ref> | ||