Taqiyya: Difference between revisions

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<metadesc>Taqiyya is a form of religious dissimulation, or a legal dispensation whereby a believing individual can deny his faith or commit otherwise illegal or blasphemous acts while they are at risk of significant persecution.</metadesc>
<metadesc>La Taqiyya è una forma di dissimulazione religiosa, o un esonero legale con il quale un individuo credente può negare la sua fede o commettere atti illegali o blasfemi nel momento in cui rischiano di essere gravemente perseguitati.</metadesc>
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'''Taqiyya''' ('''تقية''' alternative spellings ''taqiyeh'', ''taqiya'', ''taqiyah'', ''tuqyah'') is a form of religious dissimulation,<ref name=Momen>{{cite web|last=Momen|first=Moojan|title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam|year=1985|publisher=Yale University Press|pages=39, 183|isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}}</ref> or a legal dispensation whereby a believing individual can deny his [[Islam|Islamic]] faith or commit otherwise illegal or [[Blasphemy|blasphemous]] acts while they are at risk of significant [[persecution]].<ref name=StewartNYUEssay>{{Cite web|title=Islam in Spain after the Reconquista|url=http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/program/neareast/test/andalusia/2_p8_text.html|first=Devin|last=Stewart|work=Teaching Materials|publisher=The Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies at New York University|separator=,|accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref> It is based on [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses that instruct Muslims not to "take for friends or helpers Unbelievers rather than believers... except by way of precaution,"<ref>"''Let not the believers Take for friends or helpers Unbelievers rather than believers: if any do that, in nothing will there be help from Allah: except by way of precaution, that ye may Guard yourselves from them...''" - {{Quran|3|28}}</ref> and to not utter unbelief "except [while] under compulsion".<ref>"''Any one who, after accepting faith in Allah, utters Unbelief,- except under compulsion, his heart remaining firm in Faith - but such as open their breast to Unbelief, on them is Wrath from Allah...''" - {{Quran|16|106}}</ref>
'''Taqiyya''' ('''تقية''' pronunce alternative ''taqiyeh'', ''taqiya'', ''taqiyah'', ''tuqyah'') è una forma di dissimulazione religiosa,<ref name=Momen>{{cite web|last=Momen|first=Moojan|title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam|year=1985|publisher=Yale University Press|pages=39, 183|isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}}</ref> o un esonero legale con il quale un individuo credente può negare la sua fede [[Islam|Islamica]] o commettere atti illegali o atti [[Blasphemy|blasfemi]] nel momento in cui rischiano di essere gravemente [[perseguitati]].<ref name=StewartNYUEssay>{{Cite web|title=Islam in Spain after the Reconquista|url=http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/program/neareast/test/andalusia/2_p8_text.html|first=Devin|last=Stewart|work=Teaching Materials|publisher=The Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies at New York University|separator=,|accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref> Tutto questo è basato su dei versetti [[Qur'an|Coranici]] che istruiscono i Musulmani a non "avere per amici o sostenitori i Miscredenti invece dei credenti... eccetto per precauzione,"<ref>"''I credenti non si alleino con i miscredenti, preferendoli ai fedeli. Chi fa ciò contraddice la religione di Allah, a meno che temiate qualche male da parte loro. Allah vi mette in guardia nei Suoi Stessi confronti. Il divenire è verso Allah.''" - {{Corano|3|28}}</ref> e di non pronunciare miscredenza "tranne se [durante] sotto costrizione".<ref>"'' Quanto a chi rinnega Allah dopo aver creduto - eccetto colui che ne sia costretto, mantenendo serenamente la fede in cuore - e a chi si lascia entrare in petto la miscredenza; su di loro è la collera di Allah e avranno un castigo terribile.''" - {{Corano|16|106}}</ref>


This practice is emphasized in [[Shiite|Shi'ite]] Islam whereby adherents may conceal their religion when they are under threat, persecution, or compulsion.<ref>[http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/browse?_hi=0&_startPrefix=taqiya&jumppage.x=13&jumppage.y=8 "Taqiyah"]. ''Oxford Dictionary of Islam''. John L. Esposito, Ed. Oxford University Press. 2003. Retrieved 25 May 2011.</ref> Taqiyya, as it is known today, was developed to protect Shi'ites who were usually in the minority and under pressure from the [[Sunni]] majority. In the Shi'ite view, taqiyya is lawful in situations where there is overwhelming danger of loss of life or property and where no danger to religion would occur thereby.<ref name=Momen/>
Questa pratica è enfatizzata nell'Islam [[Shiite|Shi'ita]] i cui aderenti possono nascondere la loro religione quando sono minacciati, perseguitati, o forzati.<ref>[http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/browse?_hi=0&_startPrefix=taqiya&jumppage.x=13&jumppage.y=8 "Taqiyah"]. ''Oxford Dictionary of Islam''. John L. Esposito, Ed. Oxford University Press. 2003. Retrieved 25 May 2011.</ref> La Taqiyya, com'è intesa ai giorni nostri, fu praticata per proteggere gli Shi'iti che erano solitamente in minoranza e sotto pressione da parte della maggioranza [[Sunni]]. Secondo gli Shi'iti, la taqiyya è legittima nelle situazioni in cui c'è un grande pericolo di perdere la propria vita o la propria proprietà e quando non ci siano pericoli per la propria religione.<ref name=Momen/>


The term taqiyya is generally not used among Sunnis. However, it has been discussed in a positive and clear manner by several Sunni scholars such as Ibn Kathir<ref>"''(unless you indeed fear a danger from them) meaning, except those believers who in some areas or times fear for their safety from the disbelievers. In this case, such believers are allowed to show friendship to the disbelievers outwardly, but never inwardly. For instance, Al-Bukhari recorded that Abu Ad-Darda' said, "We smile in the face of some people although our hearts curse them. Al-Bukhari said that Al-Hasan said, "The Tuqyah is allowed until the Day of Resurrection.''" - Tafsir Ibn Kathir, [http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=3&tid=8052 The Prohibition of Supporting the Disbelievers]</ref> and Al-Suyuti,<ref>"''Let not the believers take the disbelievers as patrons, rather than, that is, instead of, the believers — for whoever does that, that is, [whoever] takes them as patrons, does not belong to, the religion of, God in anyway — unless you protect yourselves against them, as a safeguard (tuqātan, ‘as a safeguard’, is the verbal noun from taqiyyatan), that is to say, [unless] you fear something, in which case you may show patronage to them through words, but not in your hearts: this was before the hegemony of Islam and [the dispensation] applies to any individual residing in a land with no say in it.''" - Tafsir al-Jalalayn ([http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=3&tAyahNo=28&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Surah 3 Ayah 28]), trans. Feras Hamza, 2012 Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought</ref> and the actual concept itself does exist within Sunni jurisprudence ([[Fiqh]]).<ref>"''All scholars of the Muslim Ummah agree on the fact that at times when one is forced, one can denounce Islam.''" - Husain bin Masood al-Baghawi, [http://www.fadakbooks.com/taal4.html Tafsir Ma'alim at-Tanzeel], published in Bombay, vol. 2, P. 214.</ref><ref>"''It is permissible to swear at Rasulullah when one is under duress and to recite the Kalima of Kufr in the fear of losing property or of getting murdered provided that the heart is at comfort.''" - Nizam al-Din al-Shashi, [http://attahawi.com/2009/12/02/usul-al-shashi-by-imam-nizam-al-din-al-shashi-edited-by-shaykh-muhammad-akram-al-nadwi/ Usul al-Shashi], Chapter "Al Dheema", p. 114.</ref> There are also a few historically documented cases of Sunnis practicing taqiyya where it was necessary. For example, in the inquisition miḥna during the Caliphate of al-Ma’mun, a number of Sunni scholars used taqiyya, attesting to the Qur’an as having been created despite believing the opposite.<ref>{{cite web|last=Virani|first=Shafique N.|title=The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-531173-0|page=48}}</ref>
Il termine taqiyya non viene generalmente usato tra i Sunniti. Tuttavia, è stato discusso in maniera positiva e ben chiara da diversi studiosi Sunniti, trai i quali Ibn Kathir<ref>"''(unless you indeed fear a danger from them) meaning, except those believers who in some areas or times fear for their safety from the disbelievers. In this case, such believers are allowed to show friendship to the disbelievers outwardly, but never inwardly. For instance, Al-Bukhari recorded that Abu Ad-Darda' said, "We smile in the face of some people although our hearts curse them. Al-Bukhari said that Al-Hasan said, "The Tuqyah is allowed until the Day of Resurrection.''" - Tafsir Ibn Kathir, [http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=3&tid=8052 The Prohibition of Supporting the Disbelievers]</ref> e Al-Suyuti,<ref>"''Let not the believers take the disbelievers as patrons, rather than, that is, instead of, the believers — for whoever does that, that is, [whoever] takes them as patrons, does not belong to, the religion of, God in anyway — unless you protect yourselves against them, as a safeguard (tuqātan, ‘as a safeguard’, is the verbal noun from taqiyyatan), that is to say, [unless] you fear something, in which case you may show patronage to them through words, but not in your hearts: this was before the hegemony of Islam and [the dispensation] applies to any individual residing in a land with no say in it.''" - Tafsir al-Jalalayn ([http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=3&tAyahNo=28&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Surah 3 Ayah 28]), trans. Feras Hamza, 2012 Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought</ref> e il vero concetto in se esiste nella giurisprudenza Sunnita ([[Fiqh]]).<ref>"''All scholars of the Muslim Ummah agree on the fact that at times when one is forced, one can denounce Islam.''" - Husain bin Masood al-Baghawi, [http://www.fadakbooks.com/taal4.html Tafsir Ma'alim at-Tanzeel], published in Bombay, vol. 2, P. 214.</ref><ref>"''It is permissible to swear at Rasulullah when one is under duress and to recite the Kalima of Kufr in the fear of losing property or of getting murdered provided that the heart is at comfort.''" - Nizam al-Din al-Shashi, [http://attahawi.com/2009/12/02/usul-al-shashi-by-imam-nizam-al-din-al-shashi-edited-by-shaykh-muhammad-akram-al-nadwi/ Usul al-Shashi], Chapter "Al Dheema", p. 114.</ref> Esistono anche diversi casi documentati nella storia di Sunniti praticanti la taqiyya quando fu necessario farlo. Per esempio, nell'inquisizione miḥna durante il Califfato di al-Ma’mun, alcuni studiosi Sunniti usarono la taqiyya, affermando che il Corano è stato creato nonostante stessero credendo l'opposto.<ref>{{cite web|last=Virani|first=Shafique N.|title=The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-531173-0|page=48}}</ref>


Critics of Islam are often ridiculed because they tend to conflate the doctrine of taqiyya with that of lying in general, leading to the mislabelling of all forms of religious lying as an example of "taqiyya". However, taqiyya forms only a single aspect of [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Lying and Deception|lying within Islam]], not the entirety of the subject itself.
I critici dell'Islam sono spesso ridicolizzati perchè tendono a confondere la dottrina della taqiyya con quella della menzogna in generale, portando all'erronea classificazione di tutte le forme di menzogna religiosa come un esempio di "taqiyya". Comunque, la taqiyya è solo uno degli aspetti delle [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Lying and Deception|menzogne nell'Islam]], e non la totalità dell'argomento.


==See Also==
==Vedi Anche==


* [[Lying_-_Primary_Sources|Lying (Primary Sources)]]
* [[Lying_-_Primary_Sources|Lying (Primary Sources)]]  


==References==
==Riferimenti==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


[[Category:Islamic Law]]
[[Category:Islamic Law]]
[[Category:Islamic Propaganda]]
[[Category:Islamic Propaganda]]

Revision as of 12:13, 21 September 2015

Taqiyya (تقية pronunce alternative taqiyeh, taqiya, taqiyah, tuqyah) è una forma di dissimulazione religiosa,[1] o un esonero legale con il quale un individuo credente può negare la sua fede Islamica o commettere atti illegali o atti blasfemi nel momento in cui rischiano di essere gravemente perseguitati.[2] Tutto questo è basato su dei versetti Coranici che istruiscono i Musulmani a non "avere per amici o sostenitori i Miscredenti invece dei credenti... eccetto per precauzione,"[3] e di non pronunciare miscredenza "tranne se [durante] sotto costrizione".[4]

Questa pratica è enfatizzata nell'Islam Shi'ita i cui aderenti possono nascondere la loro religione quando sono minacciati, perseguitati, o forzati.[5] La Taqiyya, com'è intesa ai giorni nostri, fu praticata per proteggere gli Shi'iti che erano solitamente in minoranza e sotto pressione da parte della maggioranza Sunni. Secondo gli Shi'iti, la taqiyya è legittima nelle situazioni in cui c'è un grande pericolo di perdere la propria vita o la propria proprietà e quando non ci siano pericoli per la propria religione.[1]

Il termine taqiyya non viene generalmente usato tra i Sunniti. Tuttavia, è stato discusso in maniera positiva e ben chiara da diversi studiosi Sunniti, trai i quali Ibn Kathir[6] e Al-Suyuti,[7] e il vero concetto in se esiste nella giurisprudenza Sunnita (Fiqh).[8][9] Esistono anche diversi casi documentati nella storia di Sunniti praticanti la taqiyya quando fu necessario farlo. Per esempio, nell'inquisizione miḥna durante il Califfato di al-Ma’mun, alcuni studiosi Sunniti usarono la taqiyya, affermando che il Corano è stato creato nonostante stessero credendo l'opposto.[10]

I critici dell'Islam sono spesso ridicolizzati perchè tendono a confondere la dottrina della taqiyya con quella della menzogna in generale, portando all'erronea classificazione di tutte le forme di menzogna religiosa come un esempio di "taqiyya". Comunque, la taqiyya è solo uno degli aspetti delle menzogne nell'Islam, e non la totalità dell'argomento.

Vedi Anche

Riferimenti

  1. 1.0 1.1 Momen, Moojan, "An Introduction to Shi'i Islam", Yale University Press, pp. 39, 183, ISBN 978-0-300-03531-5, 1985. 
  2. Stewart, Devin, "Islam in Spain after the Reconquista", Teaching Materials, The Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies at New York University, http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/program/neareast/test/andalusia/2_p8_text.html. 
  3. "I credenti non si alleino con i miscredenti, preferendoli ai fedeli. Chi fa ciò contraddice la religione di Allah, a meno che temiate qualche male da parte loro. Allah vi mette in guardia nei Suoi Stessi confronti. Il divenire è verso Allah." - Corano 3:28
  4. " Quanto a chi rinnega Allah dopo aver creduto - eccetto colui che ne sia costretto, mantenendo serenamente la fede in cuore - e a chi si lascia entrare in petto la miscredenza; su di loro è la collera di Allah e avranno un castigo terribile." - Corano 16:106
  5. "Taqiyah". Oxford Dictionary of Islam. John L. Esposito, Ed. Oxford University Press. 2003. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
  6. "(unless you indeed fear a danger from them) meaning, except those believers who in some areas or times fear for their safety from the disbelievers. In this case, such believers are allowed to show friendship to the disbelievers outwardly, but never inwardly. For instance, Al-Bukhari recorded that Abu Ad-Darda' said, "We smile in the face of some people although our hearts curse them. Al-Bukhari said that Al-Hasan said, "The Tuqyah is allowed until the Day of Resurrection." - Tafsir Ibn Kathir, The Prohibition of Supporting the Disbelievers
  7. "Let not the believers take the disbelievers as patrons, rather than, that is, instead of, the believers — for whoever does that, that is, [whoever] takes them as patrons, does not belong to, the religion of, God in anyway — unless you protect yourselves against them, as a safeguard (tuqātan, ‘as a safeguard’, is the verbal noun from taqiyyatan), that is to say, [unless] you fear something, in which case you may show patronage to them through words, but not in your hearts: this was before the hegemony of Islam and [the dispensation] applies to any individual residing in a land with no say in it." - Tafsir al-Jalalayn (Surah 3 Ayah 28), trans. Feras Hamza, 2012 Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought
  8. "All scholars of the Muslim Ummah agree on the fact that at times when one is forced, one can denounce Islam." - Husain bin Masood al-Baghawi, Tafsir Ma'alim at-Tanzeel, published in Bombay, vol. 2, P. 214.
  9. "It is permissible to swear at Rasulullah when one is under duress and to recite the Kalima of Kufr in the fear of losing property or of getting murdered provided that the heart is at comfort." - Nizam al-Din al-Shashi, Usul al-Shashi, Chapter "Al Dheema", p. 114.
  10. Virani, Shafique N., "The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation", New York: Oxford University Press, p. 48, ISBN 978-0-19-531173-0, 2009.