Rape in Islamic Law: Difference between revisions

The continued enforcement of the discriminatory [[Zina]] Ordinance - by which the prohibited sexual activities, including rape (''zina bil jabr''), became religious offenses, subject to different standards of evidence and punishment and the appellate jurisdiction of Islamic higher courts but inconsistent rulings by the courts, and gender bias in the criminal justice system makes it extraordinarily difficult for rape victims to get justice and continues to leave them vulnerable to wrongful prosecution for adultery or fornication.<ref name=Semerdjian>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Elyse|last=Semerdjian|title=Zinah|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0984|url-access=subscription|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|isbn=9780195305135}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=1999|title=The State response to violence against Women|https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/pakistan/Pakhtml-06.htm|publisher=HRW}}</ref>