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2. (Islam) Infidel, pagan, non-believer;''' any non-Muslim'''. Ref: Shaykh Al-Islam ibn Taymiyyah (Rahimullah) v27 p264: "Whosoever does not forbid people from the deen of the Jews and Christians after the prophethood of the messenger Muhammad (saw) nor declares them kafir nor hates them, he is not a Muslim by the consensus of ALL Muslims, their scholars and the general public."''..."[http://www.allwords.com/word-kafir.html AllWords.com - kafir]''</ref> In the context of Islamic scriptures, "kafir" is the broadest, all encompassing category of non-Muslim, which includes all other sub-categories, such as ''mushrikun'', or polytheists (lit. "those who do ''shirk''", that is, attribute partners to God), ''dahriyah'', or those who deny the existence of any gods outright, as well as those who would today identify as agnostics, or suggest simply their ignorance of the existence of any gods. | 2. (Islam) Infidel, pagan, non-believer;''' any non-Muslim'''. Ref: Shaykh Al-Islam ibn Taymiyyah (Rahimullah) v27 p264: "Whosoever does not forbid people from the deen of the Jews and Christians after the prophethood of the messenger Muhammad (saw) nor declares them kafir nor hates them, he is not a Muslim by the consensus of ALL Muslims, their scholars and the general public."''..."[http://www.allwords.com/word-kafir.html AllWords.com - kafir]''</ref> In the context of Islamic scriptures, "kafir" is the broadest, all encompassing category of non-Muslim, which includes all other sub-categories, such as ''mushrikun'', or polytheists (lit. "those who do ''shirk''", that is, attribute partners to God), ''dahriyah'', or those who deny the existence of any gods outright, as well as those who would today identify as agnostics, or suggest simply their ignorance of the existence of any gods. | ||
Traditionally, a non-Muslim is called a ''Kafir''. | Traditionally, a non-Muslim is called a ''Kafir''.<ref name="Gerlach 2006">{{Literatur | Hrsg=Gerlach J. | titel=Zwischen Pop und Dschihad: muslimische Jugendliche in Deutschland | Verlag=Ch. Links | Datum=2006 | isbn=978-3-86153-404-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdZH6jyBYuIC | language=de | access-date=2022-06-21 | Seiten=197}}</ref><ref name="Der Islam 2022">{{cite web | title=Das Urteil darüber, dass der Nichtmuslim (Kafir) den Mushaf berührt - Frage und Antwort | website=Der Islam | url=https://islamqa.info/ge/answers/100228/das-urteil-daruber-dass-der-nichtmuslim-kafir-den-mushaf-beruhrt | language=de | access-date=2022-06-21}}</ref><ref name="Islam Fatwa">{{cite web | title=Pflichten des Muslims gegenüber dem Kafir (Nichtmuslim) | website=Islam Fatwa | url=https://islamfatwa.de/soziale-angelegenheiten/150-muslime-in-nicht-muslimischen-laendern/1369-pflichten-des-muslims-gegenueber-dem-kafir-nichtmuslim | language=de | access-date=2022-06-21}}</ref><ref name="Willis 2018">{{Literatur |Hrsg=John Ralph Willis |Datum=2018 <!-- orig: 1979 --> |Sammelwerk=Studies in West African Islamic History, Volume 1: The Cultivators of Islam |Titel=Glossary |Online={{Google Buch |BuchID=rD0sBgAAQBAJ |Seite=197}} |Ort=[[London]], [[New York City|New York]] |Verlag=[[Routledge (Verlag)|Routledge]] |Auflage=1 |Seiten=197 |ISBN=978-1-138-23853-4 |Zitat=„Kufr“: Unglaube; nicht-muslimischer Glaube („Kāfir“ = ein Nicht-Muslim, einer, der keine Zuteilung oder kein Buch erhalten hat; „Kuffār“ Plural von „Kāfir“).}}</ref> | ||
The [[Quran]] instructs its listeners to [[Slavery_in_Islamic_Law|take captives]] from the disbelievers after killing and subduing them when they meet in battle, releasing or ransoming them when the war is over ({{Quran|47|4}}; see also {{Quran|8|67}} and {{Quran|33|50}} which gave the prophet specifically a right to take captives and women for himself from the spoils of war). Jurists in a later period, employing the doctrine of [[Naskh_(Abrogation)|abrogation]], determined that all disbelievers from [[Dar al-Harb and Dar al-Islam (the Abodes of War and Peace)|Dar al Harb]] could potentially be captured as slaves.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://archive.org/details/islamabolitionof0000clar|title=Islam and the Abolition of Slavery|page=25–28|publisher=Oxford University Press|ISBN=978-0-19-522151-0|author=William Gervase Clarence-Smith|year=2006}}</ref> A surah from the final stages of Muhammad's career commanded that the mushrikeen with whom the believers no longer had a treaty be killed unless they accept Islam or seek protection, and that Jews and Christians were required to pay the [[jizyah]] ({{Quran-range|9|5|6}} and {{Quran|9|29}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |location=New York |date=17 August 2021|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> | The [[Quran]] instructs its listeners to [[Slavery_in_Islamic_Law|take captives]] from the disbelievers after killing and subduing them when they meet in battle, releasing or ransoming them when the war is over ({{Quran|47|4}}; see also {{Quran|8|67}} and {{Quran|33|50}} which gave the prophet specifically a right to take captives and women for himself from the spoils of war). Jurists in a later period, employing the doctrine of [[Naskh_(Abrogation)|abrogation]], determined that all disbelievers from [[Dar al-Harb and Dar al-Islam (the Abodes of War and Peace)|Dar al Harb]] could potentially be captured as slaves.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://archive.org/details/islamabolitionof0000clar|title=Islam and the Abolition of Slavery|page=25–28|publisher=Oxford University Press|ISBN=978-0-19-522151-0|author=William Gervase Clarence-Smith|year=2006}}</ref> A surah from the final stages of Muhammad's career commanded that the mushrikeen with whom the believers no longer had a treaty be killed unless they accept Islam or seek protection, and that Jews and Christians were required to pay the [[jizyah]] ({{Quran-range|9|5|6}} and {{Quran|9|29}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |location=New York |date=17 August 2021|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> | ||